牛津词典公布2023年度词汇：Rizz（血与沙ol）

去年，牛津词典（Oxford Dictionary）2022年度词汇为：Goblin Mode（哥布林模式/摆烂模式）。

近日，牛津词典公布2023年度词汇：Rizz.

根据牛津大学出版社（OUP）的说法，Rizz为新兴网络俚语，可能源于charisma（魅力）一词，是charisma的缩写形式，取其中间部分。

Rizz的定义是有风格、魅力或吸引力，或是吸引恋人或性伴侣的能力（style, charm or attractiveness, or one's ability to attract a romantic or sexual partner）。Rizz也可以用作动词，rizz up意思是吸引、诱惑或搭讪某人。

中文里似乎有个说法叫“性张力”，你觉得翻译成什么比较好呢？

️小作业：

1. How did “rizz” gain popularity according to the article?

A) Through its usage in popular music.

B) As a result of a marketing campaign.

C) Through a celebrity interview and an app redesign.

D) Due to its usage in academic publications.

2. What does the selection of "rizz" as the word of the year suggest about future language trends?

A) A shift towards more technical terms.

B) The increasing influence of internet culture on everyday language.

C) A focus on words from traditional literary sources.

D) The revival of older, less-used words.

无注释原文：

Oxford names 'rizz' word of the year,LearnAndRecord,2分钟

Oxford names 'rizz' word of the year

From: The Hill

Oxford University Press (OUP), the publisher of the Oxford English Dictionary, named “rizz” the word of the year for 2023.

Rizz is defined as style, charm or attractiveness, or one's ability to attract a romantic or sexual partner. It's often associated with younger generations and is widely used online.

“Rizz was chosen by the language experts at OUP as an interesting example of how language can be formed, shaped, and shared within communities, before being picked up more widely,” OUP said in a release. “It speaks to how younger generations create spaces — online or in person — where they own and define the language they use.”

OUP said it's likely that more words derived from social media and internet culture will be used in everyday language over time. Words and phrases are being shared via social media and catching on so quickly that they are surpassing previous linguistic trends and are becoming mainstream much quicker.

“The spike in usage data for rizz goes to prove that words and phrases that evolve from internet culture are increasingly becoming part of day-to-day vernacular and will continue to shape language trends in the future,” Oxford Languages President Casper Grathwohl said in a statement.

OUP said the word is believed to be a shortened form of the word charisma, taken from the middle part of the word. Similar examples include refrigerator becoming fridge and influenza, commonly called flu. Rizz can also be used as a verb. To “rizz up” means to attract, seduce or chat up a person, OUP said.

OUP said the word reached its peak popularity in June of this year after actor Tom Holland was asked in a Buzzfeed interview about his rizz, to which he said he had “no rizz whatsoever.” The dating app Tinder also introduced a “rizz-first redesign” this year in an effort to bring in more younger users.

Members of the public voted on social media to narrow down the shortlist of words chosen by the experts. This year's picks included rizz, beige flag, Swiftie, de-influencing, prompt, heat dome, situationship and parasocial.

“It has been incredible to see the public once again enjoying being a part of the Word of the Year selection,” Grathwohl's statement said. “Witnessing thousands of people debate and discuss language like this really highlights the power it has in helping us to understand who we are, and process what's happening to the world around us.

Each year, OUP chooses a word or expression that has reflected the last 12 months and has potential to have lasting cultural significance or provides a snapshot into history. The 2021 word of the year, for example, was vax, after COVID-19 vaccines were released.

The announcement comes just after Merriam-Webster also named rizz one of the top words of 2023.

How did “rizz” gain popularity according to the article? 单选

A) Through its usage in popular music.

B) As a result of a marketing campaign.

C) Through a celebrity interview and an app redesign.

D) Due to its usage in academic publications.

What does the selection of "rizz" as the word of the year sugge… 单选

A) A shift towards more technical terms.

B) The increasing influence of internet culture on everyday lan…

C) A focus on words from traditional literary sources.

D) The revival of older, less-used words.

投票

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

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含注释全文：

Oxford names 'rizz' word of the year

From: The Hill

Oxford University Press (OUP), the publisher of the Oxford English Dictionary, named “rizz” the word of the year for 2023.

《牛津英语词典》出版商牛津大学出版社（OUP）宣布2023年度词汇为“rizz”。

Rizz is defined as style, charm or attractiveness, or one's ability to attract a romantic or sexual partner. It's often associated with younger generations and is widely used online.

“Rizz”被定义为有风格、魅力或吸引力，或是吸引恋人或性伴侣的能力。该词通常与年轻一代联系在一起，并在网络上广泛使用。

“Rizz一词之所以被牛津大学出版社语言专家选中，是因为这是一个有趣的实例，展示了语言如何在社区内形成、塑造和共享，然后被更广泛地使用，”牛津大学出版社在一份新闻稿中表示。“这反映了年轻一代是如何在网上或线下创造空间，从而拥有和定义他们所使用的语言的。”

pick up

表示“（不费力地）学会；获得”，英文解释为“If you pick up something such as a skill or an idea, you acquire it without effort over a period of time.”举个：Where did you pick up your English? 你是在哪儿学得英语？

pick up一词意义繁多，列举常见的几种：

· 捡起，拾起，如pick his cap up, 捡起帽子

·（跌倒或被击倒后）慢慢站起身，如pick himself/herself up, 慢慢站起来

·（开车）接，取，如pick up some clean clothes, 取几件干净衣服

·（不费力地）学会；习得，如pick up french, 偶然学会了法语

· 染上（疾病），如pick up a nasty infection, 染上严重的传染病

· 接起（某观点、话题），如pick up his point, 接着谈一谈他的观点

·（贸易、经济）改善，如Industrial production is beginning to pick up, 工业生产正在开始好转。

牛津大学出版社指出，随着时间的推移，更多源自社交媒体和互联网文化的词汇可能会出现在日常用语中。单词和短语通过社交媒体迅速传播并流行起来，超越了以往的语言趋势，并更快地成为主流。

derive

derive /dɪˈraɪv/ 表示“从…中得到，从…中获得”，英文解释为“to get something from something else”举个：She derives great pleasure from playing the violin. 拉小提琴能让她获得极大的乐趣。

英剧《唐顿庄园》（Downton Abbey）中的台词提到：Lord Gillingham thought Lady Mary might derive benefit from it. 吉利安姆子爵觉得玛丽小姐去参加一下有好处。

《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述2020年诺贝尔经济学奖的文章中提到：Mr Milgrom (whose doctoral thesis was supervised by Mr Wilson) derived a number of important lessons from his analyses. 米尔格罗姆（威尔逊是他的博士论文导师）通过分析得出了许多重要经验。

phrase

1）表示“短语”，英文解释为“a group of words that is part of, rather than the whole of, a sentence”

2）表示“说法；用语；警句”，英文解释为“a short group of words that are often used together and have a particular meaning”

catch on

1）表示“受欢迎；流行起来；变得时髦”，英文解释为“If something catches on, it becomes popular.”举个：The idea has been around for ages without catching on. 这个观点由来已久，但一直未风行。

2）表示“（尤指很久以后才）理解，领会”，英文解释为“to understand, especially after a long time”举个：He doesn't take hints very easily, but he'll catch on (to what you're saying) eventually. 他不太会察言观色，不过最终还是会明白（你所说的话）的。

电影《龙之心3：巫师的诅咒》（Dragonheart 3: The Sorcerer's Curse）中的台词提到：Let's hope that tradition doesn't catch on amongst humans. 希望龙类的传统别出现在人的身上。

surpass

surpass /səˈpɑːs/ 表示“超过，优于，胜过”，英文解释为“to do or be better than”举个：His time for the 100 metres surpassed the previous world record by one hundredth of a second. 他以0.01秒的优势打破了100米短跑的前世界纪录。

linguistic

linguistic /lɪŋˈɡwɪs.tɪk/ 表示“语言的；语言学的”，英文解释为“connected with language or the study of language”举个：I'm particularly interested in the linguistic development of young children. 我对幼儿语言能力的发展尤其感兴趣。

mainstream

mainstream /ˈmeɪn.striːm/ 表示“（思维、思想或信念等）主流的”，英文解释为“considered normal, and having or using ideas, beliefs, etc. that are accepted by most people”举个：This is the director's first mainstream Hollywood film. 这是该导演在好莱坞的首部主流影片。

牛津语言（Oxford Languages）总裁卡斯珀·格拉斯沃尔（Casper Grathwohl）在一份声明中表示：“Rizz一词使用量的激增证明，从互联网文化演变而来的单词和短语正日益成为日常用语，并将继续影响未来的语言趋势。”

spike

在年度词汇盘点文章中基本都会出现这个词，1）作名词，可以理解为“峰值”或者“激增；猛增；急升”，英文解释为“a sharp increase in the magnitude or concentration of something”如：a spike in oil prices 油价的急剧上涨。

2）也可以作动词，同样表示“激增”，英文解释为“if the number or rate of something spikes, it increases quickly and by a large amount ”举个：New orders have spiked in the last two years. 新订单在过去两年里激增。

3）作名词，表示“尖头，尖刺；（尤指金属的）尖状物”，英文解释为“a narrow, thin shape with a sharp point at one end, or something, especially a piece of metal, with this shape”

4）spikes表示“（某些运动鞋上的）防滑鞋钉；钉鞋”，英文解释为“a set of short, pointed pieces of metal or plastic, attached to the bottom of shoes worn for particular sports, that stop the person wearing the shoes from sliding on the ground, or shoes with these pointed pieces”

evolve

evolve /ɪˈvɒlv/ 表示“（使）逐渐形成，逐步发展，逐渐演变，进化”，英文解释为“to develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complicated form; to develop sth in this way”举个：The company has evolved into a major chemical manufacturer. 这家公司已逐步发展成一个主要的化工厂。

vernacular

vernacular /vəˈnæk.jə.lər/ 1）表示“本地话，方言；白话”，英文解释为“the form of a language that a particular group of speakers use naturally, especially in informal situations”

2）表示“（建筑的）本地风格，民间风格”，英文解释为“in architecture, a local style in which ordinary houses are built”

牛津大学出版社表示，该词据信是从“charisma”（魅力）一词的中间部分衍生而来的缩写形式。类似的例子包括refrigerator（冰箱）缩写为fridge和influenza（流感）缩写为flu（流感）。Rizz一词也可以作为动词使用，牛津大学出版社表示，“rizz up”意味着吸引、诱惑或搭讪某人。

charisma

charisma /kəˈrɪz.mə/ 表示“超凡的个人魅力；吸引力；超凡气质”，英文解释为“a special power that some people have naturally that makes them able to influence other people and attract their attention and admiration”举个：On screen she had this great charisma so that you couldn't take your eyes off her. 在银幕上，她魅力非凡，让人无法将眼光从她身上移开。

influenza

flu的正式说法，influenza /ˌɪn.fluˈen.zə/ 表示“流行性感冒，流感”，英文解释为“a common infectious illness that causes fever and headache”

verb

verb /vɜːb/ 表示“动词”，英文解释为“a word or phrase that describes an action, condition, or experience”举个：The words "learn" and "record" are both verbs. learn和record都是动词。

seduce

seduce /sɪˈdʒuːs/ 1）表示“引诱，诱惑”，英文解释为“to persuade or cause someone to do something that they would not usually consider doing by being very attractive and difficult to refuse”举个：I wouldn't normally stay in a hotel like this, but I was seduced by the fabulous location. 我一般不会住在这样的旅馆，但还是被其地点所诱。

2）表示“吸引，迷住”，英文解释为“If you are seduced by something, you like it because it seems attractive.”举个：Almost every visitor to Edinburgh is seduced by its splendid architecture. 几乎每一位去爱丁堡的游客都被其辉煌的建筑所吸引。

chat sb up

chat sb up表示“与…搭讪；与…调情”，英文解释为“to talk to someone in a way that shows that you are sexually attracted to them”

牛津大学出版社指出，该词的使用量在今年6月达到了顶峰，当时演员汤姆·赫兰德（Tom Holland）在Buzzfeed采访中被问及他的rizz时，他表示自己“一点儿也没有rizz”。约会应用Tinder也在今年推出了一次“rizz优先”的重设计，以吸引更多年轻用户。

peak

可以作名词，也可以作动词，表示“（达到）峰值”，英文解释为“When something peaks, it reaches its highest value or its highest level.”举个：Temperatures have peaked at over 90 degrees. 温度已达到峰值，超过了90度。

公众在社交媒体上投票，以缩小专家们选出候选词汇的范围。今年的候选词汇包括rizz、beige flag（米色旗帜/咖啡色警示[一种性格特征，表明潜在对象平平无奇、无聊乏味]）、Swiftie（霉粉）、de-influencing（拔草/反网红营销/反种草）、prompt（提示词）、heat dome（热穹顶[一种自然现象]）、situationship（状态恋情/情境关系[朋友以上、恋人未满，但已有亲密行为]）和parasocial（准社会关系[大众与名人之间的一种单方面关系]）。

narrow sth down

narrow sth down表示“把…缩减，压缩”，英文解释为“to make a number or list of things smaller, by removing the things that are least important, necessary, or suitable”举个：We narrowed the list of candidates down from ten to three. 我们把候选人从10位筛选至3位。

shortlist

表示“最终候选名单，决选名单；入围名单”，英文解释为“a list of people who have been judged the most suitable for a job or prize, made from a longer list of people originally considered, and from which one person will be chosen”举个：We've drawn up (= decided) a shortlist for the job. 我们已经确定了该职位的最终候选名单。

美式：short list是分开的。有shortlist就有longlist，意思就是“初选名单”（A long-list for something such as a job or a prize is a large group that has been chosen from all the people who applied for the job, or all the people or things that are competing for the prize. The successful ones from this group are chosen to go on the shortlist.）

同时，两个词都可以作为动词，比如shortlist作动词，表示“把…列入入围名单”举个：Candidates who are shortlisted for interview will be contacted by the end of the week. 入围参加面试的求职者将在周末以前得到通知。

beige

beige /beɪʒ/ 表示“米色；米黄色；浅棕色”，英文解释为“a pale brown colour”

red flag /ˌred ˈflæɡ/ 表示“危险信号；（用作危险信号的）示警红旗”，英文解释为“a flag used as a sign of danger”举个：You're not allowed to swim when the red flag is flying. 示警红旗升起的时候不允许游泳。

如果红色旗帜（red flag）是警告信号，绿色旗帜（green flag）是吸引人的标志，那么“beige flags”就像是人际关系中的黄色交通灯——某个人的特征可能不是决定性的负面因素，描述的是既不好也不坏的某种特点，但确实会引起注意。

“beige flag”在现代约会和人际关系语境中，用于描述一些可能让人觉得对方无趣或平庸的特征或行为。这些特征虽然不一定是关系中的决定性问题，但足以让人在交往时产生一些犹豫。

de-influencing

De-influencing是一个近期在社交媒体上出现的现象，特别是在带货营销的背景下，它尝试与传统的带货种草相反，劝阻观众购买他们不需要的产品，旨在反对不必要的消费，鼓励人们更加理性地看待消费和购买决策。

prompt

作名词，1）表示“（计算机屏幕上的）提示符（显示计算机已经准备好接受指令）”，英文解释为“a sign on a computer screen that shows that the computer is ready to receive your instructions”

在ChatGPT火热的今天，prompt通常指的是给模型的输入，用来激发或引导模型生成特定的输出或回答。简而言之，prompt是指用户提供给语言模型的一段文字或命令，以便模型据此理解用户的需求并给出相应的响应或信息。

例如，在与像ChatGPT这样的大语言模型交互时，用户提出的问题或指令就是一个“prompt”。模型会根据这个prompt的内容分析、处理并生成回答或执行相关的任务。Prompt对于大语言模型来说是非常关键的，因为它直接决定了模型如何理解和回应用户的需求。

prompt中文里有译为“提示词”，prompt engineering 就是“提示工程/提示词工程”。

2）表示“（给演员的）提词，提白”，英文解释为“words that are spoken to an actor who has forgotten what he or she is going to say during the performance of a play”

3）作动词，表示“促使；导致；激起”，英文解释为“to make sb decide to do sth; to cause sth to happen”举个：His speech prompted an angry outburst from a man in the crowd. 他的讲话激起了人群中一男子的愤怒。

美剧《斯巴达克斯：血与沙》（Spartacus: Blood and Sand）中的台词提到：One cannot but wonder what would prompt such an act 不知他们为何遭此不幸。

4）作动词，表示“（尤指）给（演员）提词”，英文解释为“to help someone, especially an actor, to remember what they were going to say or do”举个：I forgot my line and had to be prompted. 我忘词了，只好让人提词。

heat dome

“Heat dome”是一个气象学术语，用来描述一种特定的高压天气模式，它导致异常热的天气条件。这种现象发生时，一片大范围的强烈高压系统在特定地区形成稳定的“盖子”，阻止空气上升，从而防止热量通过大气层散发掉。结果，这个区域内的热量和湿度被困住，导致温度显著上升并持续很长时间。在“热穹顶”（heat dome）下，地表温度会急剧升高，有时会达到危险的水平，可能导致热浪和极端的高温天气。这种现象对环境、农业、健康和整体生活质量都可能产生严重影响。随着全球气候变化的加剧，热穹顶现象可能变得更为频繁和严重。

dome /dəʊm/ 1）表示“穹顶；穹顶建筑”，英文解释为“a rounded roof on a building or a room, or a building with such a roof”

2）表示“半球形”，英文解释为“a shape like one-half of a ball”举个：Gerald had a long grey beard and a shiny bald dome (= head). 杰拉尔德留着长长的灰色胡须，头秃得锃亮。

situationship

Situationship是一个描述非正式且未明确界定的浪漫或性关系的术语（a romantic or sexual relationship that is not considered to be formal or established）。在这种关系中，参与者之间的关系超越了朋友关系，但又不到达承诺的恋人关系的程度。

类似于日语里的“友达以上，恋人未满”，形容两人比朋友更亲密，但又未达到恋人程度，介于友情与恋情之间的感情。

parasocial

“Parasocial”常用于描述一种社交关系，这是一种单向的心理关系，其中一个人（如观众、粉丝或消费者）对另一个不了解他们存在的人（如名人、影视角色或媒体人物）产生情感投入和心理上的依附。

在这种社交关系中，一个人可能会感觉像是与媒体中的人物有着真实的、互动的关系，尽管实际上这种关系是单向的，且媒体人物并不知晓这种关系的存在。观众可能会对电视节目中的角色、名人或公众人物产生强烈的情感连结，感觉他们就像是自己生活中的一部分。这种现象在现代社会中十分普遍，特别是在社交媒体和网络文化中，粉丝们常常会对他们所喜爱的名人、网络红人或虚拟角色产生强烈的社交感觉。这种关系有时被认为对个人心理健康有益，因为它提供了一种归属感和满足感，但也可能导致不切实际的期望和情感依赖。

“看到公众再次热情参与年度词汇评选真是令人兴奋，”格拉斯沃尔在声明中表示。“目睹成千上万的人对语言进行这样的辩论和探讨，真正凸显了语言在帮助我们了解自己和应对周围世界正在发生的事情上的力量。”

highlight

作动词，表示“使引起注意，强调”，英文解释为“to attract attention to or emphasize something important”举个：The report highlights the need for improved safety. 那份报告强调了加大安全力度的重要性。

作名词，表示“最精彩的部分”，英文解释为“the best or most exciting, entertaining, or interesting part of something”举个：Highlights of the match will be shown after the news. 比赛的精彩部分将在新闻之后播出。

每年，牛津大学出版社都会选择一个反映过去12个月并可能具有持久文化意义或展现历史缩影的词汇或表达。例如，新冠疫苗推出后，2021年的年度词汇是vax（疫苗）。

snapshot

snapshot /ˈsnæp.ʃɒt/ 1）表示“照片，快照”，英文解释为“a photograph”

2）表示“简介；简要情况”，英文解释为“a piece of information or short description that gives an understanding of a situation at a particular time”举个：Credit rating agencies provide a snapshot of the risks an investment poses at any one time. 信用评分机构提供的是某一时刻投资风险的简要情况。

vax

vax /væks/ 可以作动词，也可以作名词，表示“（打）疫苗”。牛津词典公布2021年度词汇：Vax. The Oxford Languages Dictionary defines vax as a vaccine or vaccination when used as a noun. As a verb, vax is defined as “vaccinate” or “treat (someone) with a vaccine to produce immunity against a disease”.

The announcement comes just after Merriam-Webster also named rizz one of the top words of 2023.

此前，韦氏词典（Merriam-Webster）也将rizz列为2023年热门词汇之一。

- 词汇盘点 -

pick up、 derive、 phrase、 catch on、 surpass、 linguistic、 mainstream、 spike、 evolve、 vernacular、 charisma、 influenza、 verb、 seduce、 chat sb up、 peak、 narrow sth down、 shortlist、 beige、 de-influencing、 prompt、 heat dome、 situationship、 parasocial、 highlight、 snapshot、 vax

- 词汇助记 By ChatGPT -

The phrase "heat dome," derived from climatic spikes, caught on and surpassed mainstream linguistic use, evolving into vernacular with the charisma of "influenza" as a verb. To seduce the language market, "vax" peaked, prompting "de-influencing" to narrow down jargon. A linguistic snapshot highlighted "beige" in a shortlist, as "chat sb up" evolved, picking up popularity.

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