「英语写作」如何写英语记叙文终极大法

记叙文也称叙述文，是一种以叙述的手法来呈现人物活动及事件过程的体裁。故事、游记、通讯、新闻报道（消息）、历史、 人物传记、日记和回忆录等都属于记叙文的范畴。记叙文大致可以分为以记人为主的记叙文和以叙事为主的记叙文。前者主要是对人物的经历、活动或者性格特征进行叙述；后者则是对某一事件的发生、发展过程和结果进行叙述。

记叙文的写作涉及到六大要素，即五个W和一个H：时间（when）、地点(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、原因(why)和结果(how)；也可以将这六大要素概括为时间(time)、地点(place)、 人物( character)、事件的原因(cause)、经过(process)和结果( effect)。

一般来讲，记叙文应具有包括开头，主体和结尾在内的完整结构, 尤其是必须有情节发展的过程。作者应该像电影导演一样尽可能安排起伏和精彩的内容，在矛盾的产生和解决过程中凸现出诱发、发展到高潮的完整过程。此外，在叙述过程中为完整展现前面述及的六要素，还需要插入生动活泼的人物场景描写和清晰细致的动作表情刻画。

基于英语的语法和词汇特点，写作英语记叙文时应掌握以下要领：

1. 时态

由于记叙文是描述过去的语境，记叙发生过的事件，所以比较多使用包括一般过去时、过去完成时、过去进行时在内的过去时态。但是，在很多情况下由于客观描述的需要，事件或人物描述的背景从过去转到现在，现在时的使用不可避免。还有的时候，为了衬托人物的个性，直观地表现人物的思想感情，需要运用对话的方式。而人物对话需要用直接引语，时态的选择又需要依托现在语境。这样，事件的时间线索就显得尤为重要，要求写作者有较强的“时间领悟能力”，驾驭写作过程中的时态转换。例如：

Wang Nan, a world champion in ping-pong, is 1.62 meter tall with the weight of 54 kilograms. She was born in Liaoning Province in October 1978. She began to play ping-pong at the age of seven. She played in Liaoning Team for three years before she came to the national team in 1993. She trained hard and got along well with her teammates. Wang Nan has won scores of gold medals in international table-tennis games and won great honor for our motherland. She likes surfing the internet, and enjoys chatting with friends online.

在这篇短文中，第一句是客观描述，介绍王楠的基本情况，用一般现在时。第二、三句介绍她的成长经历，用的是过去时。最后两句叙说她所取得的成就，又转换到现在语境，用现在完成时。

2. 人称

人称的运用也是记叙文的一个特点。第一人称（First-person Narrator）是写作者以当事人的口气来叙述，是一种主观表现手法，给读者一种亲切自然的感觉。由于作者是以叙述亲身经历的方式表达自己的思想情感，更能引起读者共鸣。例如：

The other day, I was driving along the street. Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast. I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side. But it was too late. The car hit my bike and I fell off it. It was really a bad day for me.

第三人称（Third-person Narrator）是写作者从旁观者的角度来叙述事件，是客观的表现手法，能够充分反映事件中各个人的感受与见解，从整体的视角来叙述事件。例如：

It was about nine o’clock on one Saturday evening in May. Sam was lying in bed, trembling with cold and having a cough. His head was aching so intensely that he kept groaning. His forehead felt very hot. We took his temperature. It was 38.5℃。

3. 动词使用的连贯性

为了刻画人物个性，表现真情实感，记叙文经常需要使用动词来突出过程与变化。在许多动作交替出现的情况下，一定要注意动词使用的连贯性，使文字表达简洁明了，一气呵成。下面一段接着上文记叙了萨姆生病后作者送他去医院的过程，动词使用得相当连贯。

Without hesitation, I dialed “120”. It was not long before an ambulance arrived. One roommate brought a blanket for him, and another helped him in the ambulance.

范文与评析

范文 1

A Journey to Xiamen

My mother and I were invited to spend several days with my aunt in Xiamen last Spring Festival. My father went to see us off as we had some rather heavy luggage. We said good-bye to my father, so began the journey.

When the train started, I thought about the essence of a journey, which was not just a trip or a vacation. It should be a process of discovery of both the world and human beings. As the train can lead us to a certain destination, where does our life journey lead us to? Does the person create the journey or does the journey create the person? That is a good question worth thinking about.

Then I looked out of the window. The train traveled quickly and smoothly along, passing by farms and villages, over one or two bridges and through some tunnels. After an hour or two, I began to feel tired of sitting still. Although the seats and cushions were comfortable enough, I looked forward to the end of the journey.

After a long ride we reached our destination at last. As soon as we stepped down from the train we saw my aunt and two cousins, who had come to meet us on the platform.

评析：文章一开始交代了这次旅行的缘由。然后重点写了旅途的见闻和感受，同时穿*作者对旅行意义的思考，抒发了作者对人生意义的感概。作者采用第一人称进行叙述，增加了叙述的真实感，拉近了与读者的距离，从而更易于读者跟随叙述的逻辑进程和时空顺序。

范文 2

My Best Friend

Upon reading the expression “best friend”, a figure Jumps into my mind-Zhang Ye, my schoolmate in senior high school. During the three years in high school, we shared countless moments of laughter and tears, joy and sorrow.

She is of medium height and slim figure. Though not strong, she is really a girl with amazing perseverance. Despite the similarities in our outlook on life and living, it is always she, the physically weaker one, who encouraged and urged me to finish some tasks when I was about to give up. When we were preparing for the National Entrance Exam, she cheered me up emotionally and gave me a hand whenever I was in trouble. After the exam, she got enrolled by Tsinghua University in Beijing while I came to a college in the South of China. For the past several years, we have been in touch to share everything we have been experiencing, sad or happy, dull or exciting.

Without a doubt, Zhang Ye is really a true friend of mine. The relationship between us can melt the ice in our hearts and blow away the mist on our minds. I believe the friendship between us will be the life-time beacon for both of us.

评析：这是一篇典型的人物记叙文。第一段总括了两人关系。第二段通过对具体事例的叙述将人物的性格特点表现得淋漓尽致，也丰富了best friend这个称谓的具体内涵。最后一段作者陈述了自己对友谊真谛的感悟，使文章的主题得到升华。而其中所使用的句式和词汇(melt the ice in one’s heart; blow away the mist on one’s mind)也展示了作者的语言功底。

范文 3

Liu Xiang: Dark Horse in the Athens Olympics

Liu Xiang, born in 1983 in Shanghai, is a Chinese hurdling athlete.

In 2002, Liu launched his career in fine style by winning the first Grand Prix in Lausanne with a world youth and Asian record time of 13.12 seconds in the 110 meters hurdles.

He has ever since made the finals at the world major track events. Two of the three cases has seen American hurdling hero Johnson taking the gold mendals, but in the last one in May at Osaka, Liu managed to beat Johnson with an Asian-record time of 13.06 seconds.

Young as he is, Liu has improved steadily, and won a gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in the 110 meters hurdles event. In the final, he equaled the world record of 12.91 seconds set in 1993 by Colin Jackson of Wales. This is the first time an athlete of non-African descent has dipped under 13 seconds for the 110 meter hurdles.

评析：这是一则关于刘翔获得奥运金牌的新闻报道(消息)，包括：标题、导语、主体和结语四个部分。本文拥有充分材料作依据，让事实说话，语言简洁。报道中有亮点，如最后一段中的“equaled”，“first time”等词突出了刘翔作为一个亚洲田径运动员所取得的非凡业绩。

范文 4

A Hamburg Students Delegation Visited Our Middle School

It was a morning in the end of March. The fountain was spraying water about 2 meters high. The colored flags were waving in the wind. A blackboard was put at the gate of the school. On it were large Chinese characters and German, saying: “Welcome to Our School!” The whole school was set for a gala.

At about 8 o’clock，a modern bus slowly entered the gate and stood in the middle of the drive. Accompanied by warm applause，the members of the delegation got off one by one. Lead by the school master, they entered the reception room. A simple and short meeting of welcome was held. The school master delivered a brief speech. He made an introduction of our school to them, and after that, showed them around the campus. They were greatly surprised at the advanced facilities in our school, such as the computer room, the electronic educational room and audio room.

The visitors were eager to know how the class was conducted here, so they attended a junior English class. In class the teacher and the students cooperated well. No language but English was used. They were amazed to find that our students had such a great interest in English. They also attended a class of German as the second foreign language.

After that we treated the German visitors to lunch. It was very funny that they all wanted to use chopsticks, which they were not accustomed to. They also expressed a great interest in various Chinese dishes. While we were eating, some performances were put on. Singing and laughing mixed together.

The last activity was a free talk. Though language is an obstacle to communication, it did not matter much. If we were not able to express our idea in language, we used gestures. This inconvenience set us thinking about the importance of the mastery to a foreign language-language can be used to strengthen the friendship among the people all over the world.

评析：这是一篇新闻通讯，它比一般消息更详细。新闻通讯分两大类：一是人物通讯，二是事件通讯。本文属于事件通讯，形象地报道了德国学生代表团参观访问的情况。事件通讯象平铺直叙的记叙文一样，按照时间顺序安排内容，把事件经过从头至尾写完整。不同的是，事件通讯一般在文章开头要创造一种事件发生时的气氛，把读者一下子就带入那种氛围之中，引起读者的阅读兴趣。

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