原标题：空难中，我们如何自救？国外机长告诉你
在不到半年时间里，印尼狮航和埃塞航空两次空难所致的死亡人数达到345人。我们真的不能再坐飞机了吗？在飞机下坠的短短数分钟内，我们应该如何自救？
埃塞俄比亚航空于当地时间11日发布消息，飞机的黑匣子已经找到。
(Via Twitter)
据央视消息，两个黑匣子其中之一发现于搜索检查过的废品堆中，另一个是由中资公司中铁七局工作人员在地下约20米处找到的。
亚的斯亚贝巴东南处的比斯霍夫图镇坠机现场(图via Reuters)
3月10日，埃塞俄比亚航空一架波音737-8飞机发生坠机空难，这是继去年10月29日印尼狮航空难事故之后，波音737-8飞机发生的第2起空难。这次空难导致机上157人全部遇难，包括8名中国公民。
Ethiopian Airlines CEO Tewolde GebreMariam told reporters at a press conference that the pilot of flight ET 302 that crashed Sunday morning hadreported technical difficulties and asked for clearance to return to Addis Ababa.
埃塞俄比亚航空公司首席执行官格布马里亚姆在当天的新闻发布会上对记者说，当天早上坠毁的埃航302航班起飞后，飞行员曾报告遇到技术困难，要求返回。
He was given clearance to turn back , according to Mr. GebreMariam, citing the Air Traffic Controllers record.
格布马里亚姆援引空中交通管制员的记录说，他获准返回。
Ethiopian Airlines plane crash via CNN
只是，在返航前，悲剧就发生了 ，该飞机机头朝下插入地面坠毁。
Flight data viewed by The Washington Post shows the flight getting into trouble almost immediately after departure. A normal takeoff for most passenger jets involves a steady climb to about a thousand feet, followed by an accelerating climb.
据华盛顿邮报报道，飞行数据显示，这架飞机起飞不久就遇到了麻烦。对大部分客机来说，正常的起飞应该是稳步爬升到达1000英尺，接着是加速爬升。
However, on this flight, a minute and a half after its takeoff, the plane inexplicably began to descend — for nearly a minute — before climbing again.
然而，这架飞机起飞一分半钟后，飞机开始因不明原因下降了将近1分钟，然后再次爬升。
During that time, the plane’s speed kept increasing to what is far above normal for that phase of a takeoff. The plane underwent a sharp pull up — 600 feet in just 10 seconds — and was flying at 380 nautical miles per hour, when about 270 would be closer to normal.
这段时间内，飞机持续加速，速度远远超过了飞机起飞阶段正常的速度。飞机经历了急剧的拉升动作，在10秒内拉升了600英尺，时速达到每小时380海里，然而正常的应该在270海里左右。
Three minutes later, it crashed.
三分钟后，飞机坠毁。
Ethiopian Airlines flight bound for Nairobi crashes, all 157 on board killed via The Washington Post
去年印尼狮航的坠机也有相似的遭遇 。
2018年11月28日，印尼公布根据黑匣子得出的初步调查报告，披露10月29日造成189人遇难的印尼狮航坠机事件细节。
在11分钟的飞行中，飞机的机头自动下垂二十多次 ，飞行员一直在与出问题的飞机作斗争，将机头拉高，但这场“人机互斗”最终以坠海为结局。
via 环球时报
那万一出现这种情况，飞机上的人就只能坐以待毙了吗?有没有增加生还概率实现自救的可能？
此前，国外一名飞行员就给出过一些自救的建议。
(via The Sun)
这位名叫Dave Inch的波音787机长在Quora上分享了一些提高生存几率的建议。
What a passenger does in those final minutes before a plane crashes could be crucial for their survival.
坠机前，乘客在最后数分钟内所做的事情，可能对他们生还起着至关重要的作用。
First of all, passengers should secure their general person in preparation for a crash landing.
首先，乘客可以采取一些安全措施做好紧急迫降准备。。
He said: "Remove everything sharp from your pockets, loosen your belt and remove your tie or scarf and remove high heeled shoes.
他说道：“掏出口袋里所有尖锐的物品，松开你的皮带，解开领带或围巾，脱掉高跟鞋。”
"Take glasses off for landing so they don't fly off and are available to help you see your way out if you need them.
“摘掉眼镜，这样硬着陆的时候他们就不会飞起来，也方便在你找寻出路的时候用到它。”
"Know where your closest exit is and a backup for the type of landing [as] some exits can't be used in water landings.
“了解离你最近的出口在哪儿，以及备用出口在哪儿，一些出口不能用于水上着陆。”
"Count the number of rows to those exits and try to identify any protrusions that you might use to find them if the cabin is full of smoke."
“数一数你和出口之间隔了几排座位，确定你可能会用到的任何凸起处，在机舱内充满烟雾的时候你可能需要借助它们(找到出路)。”
(图via The Sun)
Even though there is likely to be an air of panic and chaos in the cabin, Mr Inch says that it is crucial to listen to the flight attendant briefing.
即使机舱内很可能充满恐慌和混乱，Inch说，听从乘务员的播报至关重要。
He said: "Follow the instructions of the flight attendants in their pre-landing briefing.
他说：“要遵从乘务员着陆前的指挥。”
GOING DOWN How to survive a plane crash – pilot reveals the crucial rules to follow if your plane is going down (via The Sun)
(via The Sun)
此外，他还说，机上所有人行动协调一致 ，才有可能大家一起脱险。
他还提醒了一些不该做的事 。
"Don't waste your time taking video with your camera.... listen and pay attention.
“不要浪费时间用你的照相机拍摄视频，要仔细听，专注于当前的状况。”
"If you survive with a video, it's cool. If you die because you were more interested in taking a video than paying attention, it's not so cool."
“假如你生还了，还保存了视频，那很酷。如果你为了拍视频而不注意状况，然后因此丧命，那可就不酷了。”
After the plane has landed, travellers should then resist the temptation to run for the exit and wait in their seat until instructed.
在飞机着陆后，乘客应该抑制自己向出口处一哄而上的冲动，而应该坐在他们的座位上听从指挥。
Mr Inch: "Stay in your seat until instructed. Do not open a door or window exit without direct instructions from a flight attendant.
Inch说：“坐着不要动听指令。不要在乘务员发出指令前开门或开窗。”
"Have a piece of cloth (preferably damp) to assist in breathing if there is smoke - if there is smoke during evacuation, stay as low as possible."
“假如有烟雾，准备好一块布(最好是湿的)来帮助你呼吸。假如在疏散过程中有烟雾，尽量蹲下身子。”
"If [it's] a water landing, do not inflate your life vest until you are at the doorway - if you inflate it and the aircraft fills with water, you will get trapped on the ceiling and not be able to swim underwater to get out.
“假如是水上着陆，不要在你到达出口前给你的救生衣充气。假如你给它冲了气，而机舱内充满了水，你就会被困在天花板上，不能通过潜水游泳到达出口。”
"If this happens, get out of your life vest to be able to swim out and hang onto someone once out. Life vests easily buoy 2 people."
“假如这种情况发生了，脱下救生衣游出机舱，然后抓住另一个人，救生衣托起两个人没问题。”
你学会这些自救方法了吗？欢迎留言分享你的观点！
整合：Du Qiongfang
原文：CNN, The Washington Post, The Sun，央视，环球时报
图/题图：Reuters, The Sun, Twitter
