本期编辑/上海雅舍辛乙堂
Yashe Studio
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“琉璃”一词产生于古印度语，随着佛教文化而传入中国，其原来的代表色为蓝色，现代除蓝色外，琉璃也包括红、白、黑、黄、绿、绀蓝等色。施以各种颜色釉并在较高温度下烧成的上釉瓦因此被称为琉璃瓦。
The word "colored glaze" originated in ancient Indian and was introduced into China with Buddhist culture. Its original representative color was blue. In addition to blue, colored glaze also includes red, white, black, yellow, green, cyan and other colors in modern times...
关于“琉璃"的使用，一般有二种说法，一、三国时期，琉璃”就己用于我国的古建筑上；二、根据文献资料和实物遗存考证，北魏时期传入“琉璃”技术，并将琉璃瓦用在宫殿上。此后，“琉璃”烧制技术不断发展演变，但并末普及。因此，唐宋时期，“琉璃”仅用在重要建筑上；明清时期不但皇宫建筑使用，一些寺观建筑也开始使用。
There are generally two versions of the use of "colored glass". First, colored glass was used in ancient buildings in China during the Three Kingdoms Period. Second, according to literature and research on physical remains, "colored glass" technology was introduced into the Northern Wei Dynasty and used in palaces...
中国古代寺庙建筑的屋顶材料分琉璃和陶瓦，普通陶质瓦片又称“布瓦”，其质地粗糙，吸水性强，容易漏雨。琉璃瓦上由于有釉的一面光滑不吸水，良好的防水性能可以保护木结构的房屋。
The roof materials of ancient Chinese temple buildings are divided into colored glass and ceramic tiles. Common ceramic tiles, also known as "cloth tiles", have rough texture, strong water absorption and are easy to leak rain. The glazed side of the glazed tile is smooth and does not absorb water, so the good waterproof performance can protect the wooden structure of the house.
中国早在南北朝时期就在建筑上使用琉璃瓦件作为装饰物，到元代时皇宫建筑大规模使用琉璃瓦，明代十三陵与九龙壁都是琉璃瓦建筑史上的杰作。
As early as the Southern and Northern Dynasties, China used glazed tiles as decorations in architecture. By the Yuan Dynasty, glazed tiles were widely used in imperial palace buildings. The Ming Tombs and the Nine Dragon Wall were masterpieces in the history of glazed tile architecture.
关于中国古建琉璃瓦的使用历史：
瓦的发明是西周在建筑上的突出成就，使西周建筑从“茅茨土阶”的简陋状态进入了比较高级的阶段。
The invention of tile is the outstanding achievement of the Western Zhou Dynasty in architecture, which made the Western Zhou Dynasty architecture enter a relatively advanced stage from the simple state of "Maozi Terrace".
制瓦技术是从陶器制作发展而来的。据考古发掘，西周早期，发现瓦还比较少，可能只用于屋脊、天沟和屋檐。到西周晚期，瓦的数量就比较多了，有的屋顶已全部铺瓦，瓦的质量也有所提高，出现了半瓦当。
Tile making technology is developed from pottery making. According to archaeological excavations, in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, few tiles were found, which may only be used for ridge, gutter and eaves. By the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the number of tiles was quite large. Some roofs had been fully tiled, and the quality of tiles was also improved. Half tiles appeared.
春秋时期遗址中，发现了大量板瓦、筒瓦以及一部反半瓦当和全瓦当，说明了瓦已广泛用于宫殿。
In the ruins of the Spring and Autumn Period, a large number of plate tiles, tube tiles and a half tile and full tile have been found, which shows that tiles have been widely used in palaces.
战国时期，宫殿建筑有了在瓦上涂朱色的做法。
During the Warring States Period, palace buildings had the practice of painting red on tiles.
北魏时期，已经出现了琉璃瓦。
In the Northern Wei Dynasty, colored glazed tiles appeared.
唐时，琉璃瓦较北魏时增多了，长安宫殿出土的琉璃瓦以绿色居多，黄色、蓝色次之。但当时出土的琉璃瓦数量较灰瓦（素白瓦）、黑瓦（青掍瓦）为少，可能还多半用于屋脊和檐口部分（即清式所谓“剪边”的做法），此时，屋顶以灰色和黑色筒板瓦为主，或配以黄绿剪边。
In the Tang Dynasty, the glazed tiles were more than those in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The glazed tiles unearthed in Chang'an Palace were mostly green, followed by Yellow and blue...
宋时，屋顶部分开始大量使用琉璃瓦，建筑外貌趋于华丽。
In the Song Dynasty, colored glazed tiles were widely used on the roof, and the appearance of the buildings tended to be gorgeous.
明代琉璃工艺水平大大提高，早期琉璃瓦用黏土制坯，明代琉璃瓦采用白泥（高岭土、瓷土）制坯，烧成后质地细密坚硬，强度较高，不易吸水，琉璃面砖、琉璃瓦的应用面也更加广泛。不但坯体质量高，而且预制拼装技术、色彩质量与品种方等方面都达到了前所未有的水平。
The technology level of glazed tiles in the Ming Dynasty was greatly improved. In the early period, glazed tiles were made of clay, while glazed tiles in the Ming Dynasty were made of white mud (kaolin, porcelain clay). After firing, they were fine and hard, with high strength, and were not easy to absorb water...
北宋和金代的宫殿都是绿瓦。当时很难烧出黄瓦。宫殿建筑琉璃瓦的颜色随着技术发展有很大变化。大致来说，唐代最高等级建筑才用绿琉璃瓦剪边,黑瓦顶;北宋演变成主体建筑满铺绿瓦，次要建筑黑瓦或青灰瓦;金代更进一步，宫殿全用满铺绿瓦顶，被南宋使臣说奢靡甚于汴京。
The palaces of the Northern Song and Jin Dynasties are all green tiles. It was difficult to burn yellow tiles. The color of glazed tiles in palace buildings has changed greatly with the development of technology.
元代开始出现黄琉璃瓦，满铺黄瓦用于主要建筑，次要建筑用绿瓦或灰瓦;明代前期继承元代，主要建筑满铺黄琉璃瓦，次要建筑为满铺绿瓦或黄瓦绿琉璃剪边;到了明代后期和清代，黄琉璃瓦已经不是什么稀罕物，宫殿建筑基本变成满铺黄琉璃，形成一片金灿灿的风格。
Yellow glazed tiles began to appear in the Yuan Dynasty. Yellow tiles were fully paved for main buildings, and green tiles or gray tiles were used for secondary buildings; The early Ming Dynasty inherited the Yuan Dynasty...
中国古代使用琉璃瓦色彩的等级限制：
中国古代使用色彩的等级限制：金、朱、黄最高贵，青、绿次之，黑、灰最下。
The grade limit of colors used in ancient China: gold, red and yellow are the most noble, followed by green and green, and black and gray are the least.
黄琉璃瓦：用于帝王宫殿、陵庙，如北京故宫，明十三陵等。
Yellow glazed tiles: used in imperial palaces and mausoleums, such as the Forbidden City of Beijing and the Ming Tombs.
绿琉璃瓦：用于王府，百官第宅。
Green glazed tiles: used in the palace of kings and the residences of officials.
青琉璃瓦：用于祭祀建筑，如天坛祈年殿，屋顶铺纯青琉璃瓦，象征青天。
Green glazed tiles: used for sacrificial buildings, such as the Temple of Heaven Hall for Praying for Good Harvests. The roof is paved with pure green glazed tiles, symbolizing blue sky.
黑琉璃瓦、紫琉璃瓦等多用于帝王园林中的亭台楼榭。
Black glazed tiles and purple glazed tiles are mostly used for pavilions and pavilions in imperial gardens.
