「运动科普」越野赛跑、山地赛跑、野外赛跑

There are extreme variations in conditions in which Cross-Country Running, Mountain Running and Trail Running are practised throughout the world and it is difficult to legislate international standardisation of these events. It must be accepted that the difference between very successful and unsuccessful events often lies in the natural characteristics of the venue and the abilities of the course designer. The following Rules are intended as a guide and incentive to assist Members to develop Cross-Country Running, Mountain Running and Trail Running.

在世界各地举行越野赛跑和山地赛跑的条件差异极大，很难通过立法来制定这项运动的国际标准。应该承认赛事取得成功和失败的原因，主要在于比赛地点的自然环境和路线设计者的能力。下列规则可用来指导和推动各国（或地区）开展越野赛跑、山地赛跑和野外赛跑。

56.1. Distances at IAAF World Cross-Country Championships should be approximately:

56.1.世界田径协会世界越野赛跑锦标赛的距离大约为：

• Men 10km Women 10km
• 成年男子12公里， 成年女子8公里。
• U20 Men 8km U20 Women 6km
• 青年男子8公里， 青年女子6公里。
• The distances recommended for U18 competitions should be approximately:
• 少年比赛的建议比赛距离大约为：
• U18 Boys 6km U18 Women 4km
• 少年男子6公里， 少年女子4公里。

• It is recommended that similar distances be used for other International and National competitions.
• 建议其他的国际和国家比赛也采用类似的比赛距离。

56.2.1 The course must be designed on an open or woodland area, covered as far as possible by grass, with natural obstacles, which can be used by the course designer to build a challenging and interesting race course.

56.2.1 比赛必须旷野或林地上举行，地面尽可能是草地，带有天然障碍物，使设计者能设计出一个有挑战性和趣味性的比赛路线。

56.2.2.The area must be wide enough to accommodate not only the course but also all the necessary facilities.

56.2.2 必须应有足够的宽度，不仅可以安排赛道，还应容纳其他所需设施。

56.3. For Championships and international events and, wherever possible, for other competitions:

56.3. 举办世界锦标赛及国际比赛，或其他比赛时，如有可能，都应按下列要求设计路线：

56.3.1. A loop course must be designed, with the loop measuring between 1500m and 2000m. If necessary, a small loop can be added in order to adjust the distances to the required overall distances of the various events, in which case the small loop must be run in the early stages of the event. It is recommended that each long loop should have a total ascent of at least 10m.

56.3.1 比赛路线必须设计成环形赛道，每圈长度为1500～2000米。如有必要，可增加一个小圈，以便调整距离满足不同项目所需的总距离，这种情况下比赛时应先跑小圈。建议每大圈至少应有10米的上坡。

56.3.2. Existing natural obstacles shall be used if possible. However, very high obstacles should be avoided, as should deep ditches, dangerous ascents / descents, thick undergrowth and, in general, any obstacle which would constitute a difficulty beyond the aim of the competition. It is preferable that artificial obstacles should not be used but if such use is unavoidable, they should be made to simulate natural obstacles met within open country. In races where there are large numbers of athletes, narrow gaps or other hindrances which would deny the athletes an unhampered run shall be avoided for the first 300-1500m.

56.3.2 如有可能，应采用已存的自然障碍物，但应避免过高的障碍物。但应避免过高的障碍物，如深坑和危险的上下坡、茂密丛林等。总之，应避免一切给比赛带来困难而违背比赛宗旨的障碍物。不宜使用人工障碍物，但如不能避免，则应模拟旷野中的自然障碍。若参加比赛的运动员人数较多，在起跑后的300-1500米内不应有狭窄地段或其他障碍物，以免造成阻滞。

56.3.3. The crossing of roads or any kind of macadamised surfaces shall be avoided or at least kept to a minimum. When it is impossible to avoid such conditions in one or two areas of the course, the areas must be covered by grass, earth or mats.

56.3.3 应避免或尽量少横过公路或任何形式的细石路面。如果在比赛路线中不可避免地遇到1～2处类似路面，则应在该地段铺上草皮、泥土或垫子。

56.3.4. Apart from the start and finish areas, the course must not contain any other long straight. A “natural”, undulating course with smooth curves and short straights, is the most suitable.

56.3.4 除起、终点外，比赛路线上不得有任何其他太长的直道。带有较平缓的弯道和较短直道的自然起伏路线较为理想的。

56.4.1.The course shall be clearly marked with tape on both sides. It is recommended that all along one side of the course a 1m wide corridor, heavily fenced from the outside of the course, shall be installed for the use of organisation officials and media only (obligatory for Championship events). Crucial areas must be heavily fenced; in particular the start area (including the Warm-up Area and the Call Room) and finish area (including any mixed zone). Only accredited people will be allowed access to these areas.

56.4.1 应在比赛路线两旁用带子做出明显的标记。建议在比赛路线的一侧，距带子外侧1米处设置加固栅栏形成走廊，仅供比赛组织人员或媒体使用（锦标赛项目比赛时必须设置）。在重要区域必须设立加固的栅栏，特别在起点（包括运动员热身区和检录区）和终点区（包括混合区）。只有持有效证件的人员方可进出这些区域。

56.4.2. The general public should only be allowed to cross the course in the early stages of a race at well organised cross-over points, marshalled by stewards.

56.4.2 观众在管理人员的指挥下，只可在比赛初段指定的地方有组织地横穿赛道，

56.4.3. It is recommended that, apart from the start and finish areas, the course be a width of 5 metres, including the obstacle areas.

56.4.3 建议除比赛的起点和终点外的范围，赛道及障碍区应有5米宽。

56.6. The races shall be started by the firing of a gun, cannon, air horn or like device. The commands for races longer than 400m shall be used (Rule 16.2.2 of the Technical Rules).

6. 比赛须鸣枪、鸣炮、气笛或类似的装置开始起跑。发令采用400米以上项目的口令[技术规则16.2.2]。

In races which include a large number of athletes, five-minute, three-minute and one-minute warnings should be given.

当参赛运动员人数众多时，应在起跑前5分钟、3分钟、1分钟给予倒计时提示。

Wherever possible departure boxes shall be provided for teams races and the members of each team shall be lined up behind each other at the start of the race. In other races, the athletes shall be lined up in the manner determined by the organisers. On the command “On your marks”, the starter shall ensure that no athlete has his foot (or any part of his body) touching the start line or the ground in front of it, and shall then start the race.

只要有可能，出发时，应为各团队提供起跑区域位置，各队队员应在起跑区处排成一路纵队。其他比赛中，运动员应按照组委会决定的方式在起跳跑线集合。“各就位”口令发出后，发令员应确保运动员的脚（或身体任何部位）没有触及起跑线或起跑线前的地面后，方可发令开赛。

56.7. Organisers of Cross-Country Races shall ensure the safety of athletes and officials.

56.7.越野跑比赛的组委会应保证运动员和官员的安全。

Drinking / Sponging and Refreshment Stations

饮水 / 用水和补给站

56.8. Water and other suitable refreshments shall be available at the start and finish of all races. For all events, a drinking / sponging station shall be provided every lap, if weather conditions warrant such provision.

56.8. 所有比赛的起点和终点备有饮水和其他适当补给。在所有项目比赛中，根据天气情况，如需要，应在每圈设置饮水 / 用水供应站。

Note: Where conditions warrant, taking into account the nature of the event, the weather conditions and the state of fitness of the majority of the competitors, water and sponges may be placed at more regular intervals along the route.（已经删除）

注：在条件允许的情况下，考虑比赛的自然条件，以及天气善和大部分参赛运动员的身体状况，沿赛道设置更多饮水和用水供应站。（已经删除）

56.9. If the Referee is satisfied on the report of a Judge or Umpire or otherwise that an athlete has left the marked course thereby shortening the distance to be covered, he shall be disqualified.

56.9. 如果裁判长认可裁判员、检查员或其他人的报告，或通过其他方式，得知运动员离开了标定的赛道而缩短了比赛距离，将取消该运动员继续参赛的资格。

The finish area shall be wide enough to enable several runners to sprint side by side and long enough to separate them at the finish.

比赛的终点区域应该有足够的空间，使得数个冲刺的运动员能够并排跑进，还要有足够的长度，从而在终点处能够分开运动员。

Unless a Transponder Timing System is being used together with a backup system (such as a video recording) to check finishing orders, finish lanes (“funnels”) should be set up some 8 to 10 metres after the finish line with a maximum width of 0.70-0.80m. Once in the funnels, the athletes must not be able to overtake one another. The funnels should be 35-40m long into which the athletes will be directed as they cross the finish line. At the end of each funnel, officials will note the athletes’ numbers/names and if applicable recover their transponder timing chips.

除非使用芯片计时系统，同时具有备份系统（比如摄像记录），以便核查运动员越过终点的名次，在过终点线后8~10米处，设置最大宽度为0.70~0.80米的终点分道（分流）。在终点分道内，运动员不得再超载其他人，终点分道至少35~40米长，运动员越过终点线后在此被引导和管理。在每个终点分道路后，裁判员应记录运动员的号码/姓名，以及进行适宜的回收计时芯片等。

The funnels should have moveable ropes at the end at which the athletes enter, so that when one lane is full, the next rope can be drawn across behind the last athlete, to enable the next finisher to enter the new finish lane, and so on.

终点分道应该具有可移动的隔离带，当前面的分道被运动员占满时，可以在最后一个运动员后面拉上隔离带，以确保一下个结束比赛的运动员进入新的分道内，如此重复。

Judges and Timekeepers will additionally be placed on either side of the finish line and it is recommended that, in order to follow up any appeal relative to the finishing order, an official with video recording equipment (if possible with a timing clock in sight) shall be assigned and placed a few metres after the finish line in order to record the order in which the athletes cross the line.

建议裁判员和计时员应该在终点线的两侧，以便确定运动员的名次，官方摄像应该在终点线后数米远处进行拍摄（如有可能采用内置时钟计时），以记录运动员越过终点的顺序。

57.1 General Rules for the Course, as follows:

57.1 赛道符合下列规则

57.1.1 The discipline of mountain and Trail Running takes place on various types of natural terrain (sand, dirt roads, forest paths, single track footpaths, snow trails etc), and in various kinds of environment (mountains, forests, plains, deserts etc). Races take place mostly on off-road surfaces, however sections of paved surfaces (e.g. asphalt, concrete, macadam etc.) are acceptable as a way to reach or link the trails of the course but should be kept to a minimum. Preferably existing roads and trails should be used.

57.1.1 山地和越野跑的赛道在各种类型的自然地形(沙地、土路、林间小路、单行道、雪道等)和各种环境(山地、森林、平原、沙漠等)中进行。比赛主要在越野路面上进行，但路面部分(如沥青、混凝土、碎石等)可以作为到达或连接赛道的一种方式，但应保持在最低限度。最好使用现有的道路和小径。

57.1.2 For mountain races only, some special exceptions do exist where races are held on a paved surface but are only acceptable when there are large elevation changes on the course.

57.1.2 对于山地赛，有一些特殊的情况除外，比赛在铺好的地面上举行，仅有在赛道上有较大的海拔变化时才可以接受。

57.1.3 The course must be marked in such a way that no navigation skills will be required from the athletes.

57.1.3 比赛路线必须设置标记，不得采用对运动员具备任何导航功能。

57.1.4 Trail races have no limits to distance or altitude gain or loss and the course must represent the logical discovery of a region.

57.1.4 越野赛不受距离或高度的限制，赛道必须代表一个地区的自然地貌。

57.1.5 mountain races are traditionally divided into “uphill” and “up and down” races. The average altitude gain or loss can vary from approx. 50 – 250 metres per kilometre, and the distances up to 42.2km.

57.1.5 山地赛跑传统上分为“上坡”和“上坡然后下坡”两种。平均高度的增加或减少每公里约50 - 250米，距离可达42.2公里，

57.2 mountain and Trail races typically have mass starts. Runners can also start separated by gender or age-related categories.

57.2 山地和越野赛起跑通常都有大规模，运动员也可以按性别或年龄分类开始起跑

57.3 Organising Committees shall ensure the safety of athletes and officials. specific conditions, such as high altitude, changing weather conditions and available infrastructure should be respected. The event organiser is responsible for taking care for the environment when planning the course, during and after the competition.

57.3.组委会应确保运动员和官员的安全。应重视特殊条件，如高海拔、不断变化的天气条件和可用的基础设施等。赛事主办机构有责任在规划赛程时、比赛期间及赛后注意环境。

57.4 mountain and Trail races do not imply the use of a particular technique, alpine or other, or the use of specific equipment, such as mountaineering equipment. The use of hiking poles could be permitted at the discretion of the Race organisation.

在山地和越野赛行进过程中，对运动员使用特定的技术或使用特定的设备没有特别的规定。如登山设备，比赛机构可以自行决定是否允许使用登山杖。

The Race Organiser may recommend or impose mandatory equipment due to the conditions expected to be encountered during the race, which will allow the athlete to avoid a situation of distress or, in the case of an accident, to give the alert and wait in safety for the arrival of help.

组委会可能强制性或推荐使用某些安全设备，以应对比赛中可能发生的情况，使运动员避免遇险,或者在遇险时报警和安全地等待救援。

57.5 The Organiser shall, prior to the race, publish specific regulations of the race including at minimum:

57.5 比赛前，主办单位应公布比赛的具体规程，包括最低参赛规则。

57.5.1 details of the organiser responsible (name, contact details)

57.5.1 主办机构资料(名称、联系方式)

57.5.2 Programme of the event

57.5.2 比赛秩序册

57.5.3 detailed information about the technical characteristics of the race: total distance, total ascent / descent, description of the main difficulties of the track

赛道技术特点的详细信息:总距离，总上升/下降的幅度，主要困难的赛道的描述。

57.5.4 A detailed map of the course

57.5.4 详细的赛道图

57.5.5 A detailed profile of the course

57.5.5 详细的赛道介绍

57.5.6 Course marking criteria

57.5.6 赛道标志规格

57.5.7 location of the control posts and medical / aid stations (if applicable)

57.5.7 管控点及医疗/援助站的位置(如适用)

57.5.8 Allowed, recommended or mandatory equipment (if applicable)

57.5.8 批准、建议或强制使用的装备(如适用)

57.5.9 safety rules to be followed

57.5.9 必须遵守的安全规则

57.5.10 Penalties and disqualification rules

57.5.10 处罚和取消资格规则

57.5.11 Time limit and cut-off barriers (if applicable)

57.5.11 关门和解封时间

57.6 While strongly recommended for all international championships, the application of the following technical rules is mandatory only in World Championships. For all mountain and Trail Running events other than World Championships, the specific event rules and/or the national rules shall have precedence. If a mountain and Trail Running competition is held under “International Technical Rules”, it must be specified in the event regulations. In all other cases, if a referee is appointed by a member, an Area Association or the authority that oversees the competition, this person must ensure compliance with the general rules of Athletics but shall not enforce the following International Technical Rules.

强烈建议以下技术规则仅在世界锦标赛中强制执行，除世界锦标赛外的所有国际锦标赛均适用。所有山地赛和越野赛的具体比赛规则和/或国家规则应具有优先权。高山、越野跑比赛如按《国际技术规则》举办，必须在比赛规则中注明。在所有其他情况下，如果裁判员是由一名成员、一个地区协会或监督比赛的当局任命的，此人必须确保遵守田径运动的通则，但不得执行下列国际技术规则

57.7 The commands for races longer than 400m shall be used (Rule 16.2.2 of the Technical Rules). In races which include a large number of athletes, five-minute, three-minute and one-minute warnings before the start of the race should be given. A 10s countdown to the start can also be given.

发令采用400米以上项目起跑口令[见技术规则16.2.2]。当参赛运动员人数众多时，应在起跑前5分钟、3分钟、1分钟时，给予倒计时提示。10秒倒计时起跑提示。

57.8 If the Referee is satisfied on the report of a judge, or umpire, or otherwise, that an athlete:

57.8 如果裁判长认可裁判员或检查员或其他人的报告，取消运动员比赛资格:

57.8.1 has left the marked course thereby shortening the distance to be covered;

57.8.1 离开标定的路线，从而缩短了要走的距离;

57.8.2 receives any form of assistance such as pacing, or refreshments outside of the official aid stations;

57.8.2接受任何形式的帮助，如速度分配，或在官方站点站外的补给。

57.8.3 does not comply to any of the specific race regulations;

57.8.3 不遵守任何特定的比赛规程;

he shall be disqualified or get the penalty stated by the specific race regulations.

运动员被取消比赛资格或根据具体的竞赛规程的规定处罚。

57.9 specific provisions for Trail Races, as follows:

57.9 赛道具体规定的如下：

57.9.1 sections of paved surfaces shall not exceed 25% of the total course.

57.9.1 铺装路面的部分不得超过总路程的25%。

57.9.2 Races are classified by “km-effort”; the km-effort measure is the sum of the distance expressed in kilometres and a hundredth of the vertical gain expressed in meters, rounded to the nearest whole number (for example, the km-effort of a race of 65km and 3500m ascent is: 65 3500/100 = 100); accordingly races will be classified as follows:

57.9.2 比赛按“千米-力量值”分类;千米-力量值是用千米表示的距离加上用米表示的垂直增量的百分之一的总和，四舍五入到最接近的整数(例如，一场65千米3500米爬升的比赛的千米-力量值是:65 3500/100 = 100);因此，分级划分如下

category km-effort

XXs 0 – 24

Xs 25 – 44

s 45 – 74

m 75 – 114

l 115 – 154

Xl 155 – 209

XXl 210

57.9.3 World Championships races shall be based on the short (s) and the long (l) categories:

57.9.3 世界锦标赛的比赛以小于(s)和大于(l)级为基础。

a. in the short race the distance must be between 35km and 45km and the minimum vertical gain 1500m or more;

a.短距离比赛的距离必须在35公里至45公里之间，垂直距离的最低增益为1500米或以上;

b. in the long race the distance must be between 75km and 85km.

b.长跑的距离必须在75公里到85公里之间。

57.9.4 Competitions shall be based on the concept of self- sufficiency, meaning that the athletes will have to be autonomous between aid stations in terms of gear, communications, food and drink.

57.9.4 比赛应以自给自足的概念为基础，即运动员必须在装备、通讯、食物和饮料等补给站之间享有自主权。

57.9.5 A survival blanket (140cm x 200cm minimum size), a whistle and a mobile phone are the minimum items the athletes have to carry at all times. However the lOC may impose additional mandatory items due to the conditions expected to be encountered during the race.

57.9.5 一张生存毯(140厘米x200厘米的最小尺寸)，一个哨子和一个移动电话是运动员在任何时候都必须携带的最小物品。然而，由于比赛中可能会遇到的情况，国际奥委会可能会增加一些强制项目。

57.9.6 Aid stations at official competitions shall be sufficiently spaced out so as to respect the “principle of self-sufficiency”. The maximum total number of aid stations, excluding start and finish line, including water points, shall be no more than the km-effort points of the race divided by 15, rounded to the lower integer (example of a race with a km-effort of 58: 58/15=3.86, which means no more than 3 aid stations, excluding start and finish, are allowed).

57.9.6 在正式比赛的补给站之间应有足够的间隔，以尊重“自给自足的原则”。 补给站的最大总数(允许不包括起点和终点,包括水点,应不超过比赛千米-力量分值除以15,圆形的较低的整数(赛跑的千米-力量值58的例子:58/15 = 3.86,这意味着不超过3补给站,不包括起点和终点)。

Note (i): In a maximum of half of the above aid stations, rounded to the lower integer, food, drinks and personal assistance may be given (e.g. maximum total number of aid stations 3, 3/2=1.5, maximum number of aid stations where food and personal assistance may be given is 1); at the remaining aid stations only drinks, but no food nor personal assistance, may be given.

注（1）：在上述补给站中，最多有一半(四舍五入至较低整数)可提供食物、饮品及个人援助(例如，最多可提供食物及个人援助的补给站总数为3,3 /2=1.5，最多可提供食物及个人援助的援助站数目为1);在其余的补给站，只能提供饮料，但不能提供食物或个人补给。

Note (ii): aid stations layout, where personal assistance is allowed, shall be organised in a way that allows each country to have an individual table or allocated space, identified with the flag of the Country (or Territory) and where their official staff will give assistance to the athletes. Tables shall be organised by alphabetical order, and each team is allowed to have a maximum of 2 officials per table.

注（2）：在允许个人协助的情况下，补给站的布局应使每个国家都有一张单独的桌子或分配的空间，用国旗(或领土地图)标识，并由其官方工作人员为运动员提供协助。比赛场地按英文字母顺序排列，每张桌子最多可安排2名官方工作人员。

Note (iii): Assistance to the athletes may only be given at complete (food and drinks) aid stations as defined above.

注（3）：对运动员的援助只能在上述规定的完整的(食品和饮料) 补给站进行

57.9.7 A finishing position resulting in a tie is permissible when clearly evident by the athletes’ intention.

57.9.7 当运动员的意图很明显的时候，终点的位置导致成绩并列是允许的。

57.10 mountain races are classified as follows:

57.10 山地赛跑的分类如下:

57.10.1 “Classic uphill”

57.10.1 上坡赛

57.10.2 “Classic up and down”

57.10.2 先上坡后下坡赛

57.10.3 “vertical”,

57.10.3 垂直赛

57.10.4 “long distance”

57.10.4 长距离赛

57.10.5 “Relays”

57.10.5 接力赛

57.11 In all categories other than vertical, the average incline should be between 5% (or 50m per km) and 25% (or 250m per km). The most preferable average incline is approximately 10%-15% provided that the course remains runnable. These limits do not apply to the vertical category, where the incline shall be not less than 25%.

57.11 除垂直坡度外，所有坡度的平均坡度应在5%(或50米/公里)和25%(或250米/公里)之间。最理想的平均坡度约为10%-15%，赛道要具备实用性。这些限制不适用于垂直赛，在垂直赛中，倾斜度应不少于25%。

57.12 World Championships races shall be based on the following categories and distances:

57.12 世界锦标赛的比赛应以下列项目和距离为基础:

57.12.1 “Classic uphill”: 5km to 6km for Juniors (men and women); 10km to 12km for seniors (men and women)

57.12.1 上坡赛：少年(男女)5至6公里;成年人(男女)10公里至12公里

57.12.2 “Classic up and down”: 5km to 6km for Juniors (men and women); 10km to 12km for seniors (men and women)

57.12.2 先上坡后下坡赛：少年(男女)5至6公里;成年人(男女)10公里至12公里

57.12.3 “vertical”: it should have at least 1000m of positive vertical elevation and be measured in a certified manner to an accuracy of /- 10m.

57.12.3 垂直赛：至少具有1000m的正垂直标高，并以经认证的方式测量，其精度为±10m。

57.12.4 “long distance”: the race distance should not exceed 42.2km and the nature of the course maybe mainly uphill or up and down. The total amount of ascent in the race should exceed 2000m. The men’s winning time should be between two and four hours and less than 20% of the distance should be paved surfaces.

57.12.4 长距离赛：比赛距离不应超过42.2公里，赛道的性质主要是上坡或先上坡后下坡。比赛中上升的总高度应超过2000米。男子的获胜时间应在2至4小时之间，距离的20%以内应铺有路面。

57.12.5 “Relays”: Any course or team combinations, included mixed gender / age group, are possible as long as they are defined and communicated in advance. communicated in advance of each individual leg should respect the parameters of the “Classic” categories.

57.12.5 接力赛：任何赛道或团队组合，只要他们经过预先商定和沟通，包括混合性别/年龄组，都是可能的。每棒之前的沟通都应该应符合“分级”类别的参数。

Note: Classic Uphill and Classic Up and Down events traditionally alternate at each edition of the World Championships.

注:上坡赛和先上坡后下坡赛项目在每一届世锦赛的传统是交替进行的。

57.13 Water and other suitable refreshments shall be available at the start and finish of all races. Additional drinking / sponging stations should be provided at suitable places along the course.

57.13 所有比赛的起、终点均应备有饮水和其他适当补给。在所有项目比赛中，沿路线应适当设置额外的饮水 / 用水供应站。