在理论上，克隆技术还很不成熟；在实践中，克隆动物的成功率还很低，生出的部分个体表现出生理或免疫缺陷，而且动物的残废率相当高并伴有早衰现象等。此外，克隆技术（尤其是人胚胎方面的应用）对伦理道德的冲击和公众对词的强烈反应也限制了克隆技术的应用。
In theory, cloning technology is still very immature; In practice, the success rate of cloned animals is still very low, some of the born individuals show physiological or immune deficiency, and the rate of animal disability is quite high and accompanied by premature aging. In addition, the ethical impact of cloning technology (especially the application of human embryos) and the strong public reaction to words also limit the application of cloning technology.
弊：克隆技术为人类带来的负面问题
Con: the negative problems that cloning technology brings to human beings
克隆技术带来的伦理问题
当克隆技术越来越被人们所熟悉时，克隆人就自然成为人们争议的焦点，各国科学界、政界、宗教界都引发了对克隆人所衍生的道德问题的讨论。世界上很多国家已经立法禁止克隆人。但是，1998年初一位美国科学家提出将进行克隆人试验，目的是为患不孕症的夫妻繁育后代；意大利著名“克隆狂”安蒂诺里曾宣布，克隆胎儿将于2003年1月问世。2003年第一期《发现》杂志也把2002年命名为“克隆年”，理由是克隆技术在当时已经进入了克隆人的阶段。该杂志断言：“虽然世界不想要克隆人，但克隆人却将要出现”。
克隆人所带来的最大问题就是来自与伦理界，主要表现为几个方面：第一，克隆人使人的定义发生改变。人的产生是爱情的结晶，是男女两性繁殖出来的，在实验室里制造出来的无性繁殖的人就不是真正意义上的人，如果克隆人真的出现，那么人的本质与人的生命存在方式将陷入混乱与危机；第二，克隆人将混乱人伦关系，损害家庭结构。夫妻、父子这些最基本的人伦关系，在克隆人那里将消失，血亲关系，长幼有序则会一夜坍塌。并且，无性繁殖会使夫妻一方选择将自己克隆即可，配偶与孩子没有任何关系，那么，家庭还有存在的必要吗？第三，克隆人会丧失人的尊严与权利。克隆人是实验室里制造出来的，被作为某种工具或者手段来使用，但是克隆人也是人，是人类的一个特殊群体。并且克隆人出生后也具有正常人所有的情感、思想，也有正常的婚恋问题，但是，我们应该怎样满足他们的婚恋要求呢，他们能不能够正常的繁衍他们自己的后代呢？第四，克隆人剥夺了人的唯一存在性，天下没有两片相同的叶子，更没有完全相同的两个人，即使双胞胎也不会完全相似，但是如果克隆人的出现，那么人的独特性，唯一性将就此不复存在。第五，如果克隆人的技术被别有用心的人所采用，制造出一批犯罪分子，或者制造“人兽胚胎”，那么将会对社会带来极大的危害。第六，克隆人违背了人的自决权，人具有不可重复的特性，克隆人违背了伦理学的平等原则。同时，在法理方面，克隆人使遗产继承，法律地位都很难处理，将会增加社会的不稳定因素。
When cloning technology is more andmore familiar to people, the cloning of humannature has become the focus of controversy, thescientific community, political circles, religiouscircles have triggered a discussion on the ethicalissues arising from the cloning of human beings.Many countries in the world have legislated against human cloning. However, in early 1998,an American scientist proposed a human cloningexperiment aimed at procreating offspring forinfertile couples. Antinori, a famous Iltalian "cloneenthusiast", announced that a cloned fetus would be born in January 2003. The first issue ofdiscovery magazine in 2003 also named 2002the "year of cloning", on the grounds that cloningtechnology had entered the stage of human cloning at that time. "Although the world doesnot want human cloning, there will be one," themagazine asserted. The biggest problem broughtabout by human cloning is from the ethical circle, mainly manifested in several aspects: first,human cloning changes the definition of human.The production of human is the crystallization of human and human life will be thrown into chaosand crisis; Second, cloning human beings willdisrupt human relations and damage the familystructure. Husband and wife, father and son thesemost basic human relations, in the clone there will disappear, kinship, long and young order willcollapse overnight. And, asexual reproduction canmake a couple choose to clone themselves, thespouse and the children have no relationship, sO,the family is still necessary? Third, human cloningwill lose human dignity and rights. Human cloningis produced in the laboratory, used as some kind of tool or means, but human cloning is alsohuman, is a special group of human beings. Andafter the clone is born also has the normal personall emotion, the thought, also has the normal loveand marriage question, but, how should we satisfy their love and marriage request.
克隆技术存在的风险
Cloning has risks.
克隆技术被人们禁止用于克隆人，还有很大的原因在于其技术的不成熟，如果用于克隆人会存在极大的风险，主要表现为以下几个方面。第一，近年来，虽然成功克隆了许多哺乳动物，但是成功率极低。“多利之父”维尔穆特说，克隆动物的成功率很低，在培育“多利”的实验中，成功率只有0.36%。克隆动物往往由于基因缺陷出现早死的情况。研究者发现多利的细胞端粒要比正常的短，即其细胞出于更衰老的状态，并且克隆动物胎儿普遍存在比一般动物发育快的倾向，当多利不足7岁，由于肺部感染无法治愈被处以安乐死。试想，克隆动物尚可以用以安乐死，要是克隆儿童是残障儿童，我们能处以安乐死吗？那又会给社会带来多大的负担？第二，克隆人的所有基因同体细胞供给者的基因完全一致，那么会造成基因的单一。虽然用健康基因取代有缺陷的基因，会减少遗传疾病的发生，但是不少学者认为，“生殖性克隆”破坏了个体拥有独特基因型的权利，降低了群体的适应力和竞争力，基因库的多样性对物种的保存和生物的进化极为重要。试想，当一种病毒侵袭克隆人时可能会导致整个克隆人群甚至是整个人类的毁灭。另外，不少学者还担心克隆人的出现，会使人们有目的的选择性别，那么性别比例失调将成为一大社会问题。
Cloning technology is prohibited for human cloning, there is also a big reason for itsimmature technology, if used to clone humanwill have a great risk, mainly in the followingaspects. First, although many mammals havebeen successfully cloned in recent years, the success rate is extremely low. "The success rateof cloning animals is very low," said wilmut. "inthe experiment of breeding dolly, the successrate was only 0.36 percent." Cloned animalsoften die young because of a genetic defect.The researchers found that dolly's cells hadshorter telomeres than normal, meaning thecells were in a more senescent state, and thatcloned animal fetuses tended to develop fasterthan normal animals. Dolly was euthanized whenshe was under seven years old because of a lung infection that could not be cured. Imagine,cloning animals can still be used for euthanasia,if the cloning of children is disabled children, we can be euthanized? How much of a burden willthat place on society? Second, all the genes ofthe clone are identical to those of the somaticcell supplier, resulting in a single gene. Althoughthe replacement of defective genes with healthygenes will reduce the occurrence of genetic diseases, many scholars believe that "reproductivecloning" destroys the right of individuals to haveunique genotypes and reduces the adaptabilityand competitiveness of the population. The diversity of gene pool is extremely important forthe preservation of species and the evolutionof organisms. Imagine, when a virus attacks aclone, it may lead to the destruction of the entireclone population or even the entire human race.In addition, many scholars also worry that theemergence of human cloning, will make peoplepurposefully choose the sex, then the genderimbalance will become a major social problem.
对克隆技术问题的思考
Thinking on cloning technology
就像农药化肥原子弹的出现一样，随着科技的进步，人们用着各种手段在改变着自然改变着社会，但是，科学给人们带来好处的同时也带来了潜在的危险，科学技术已经成为全球问题，因为它就是把双刃剑，你合理的用它，它会造福人类，如果使用不当或者滥用误用，那么，人类可能走向自我毁灭。克隆技术给人类很多无法治愈的疾病带来了福音，给无数的患者及家人带来了希望，但是它必须受到伦理道德的约束，科学技术是第一生产力，但是如果要牺牲掉人类社会最底线最基本的伦理道德来促进科学的发展，那样的科技对于人类还有何意义呢？人类能够在实践中创造出这些新兴的技术，也应该具有动性去约束这些技术的滥用，我们不能让道德束缚科学的发展，也不能让科技的进步脱离道德的监控，人类需要发挥合理的主观能动性去协调二者，使其为人类有利而不是隐患重重。科学技术应该是一项为人类现在和以后的发展谋福利的伟大事业，应该本着可持续发展和以人为本的思想去开发创造它们。
Like fertilizers, the emergence of a nuclear bomb, with the progress of science and technology, people use various means ofchanging the nature changing society, however,science and bring benefits to people at the same time also poses a potential danger, science and technology has become a globalproblem, because it is a double-edged sword,you reasonable use it, it will benefit mankind, ifimproper use or misuse, abuse, then, humans ,may toward self-destruction. Cloning technologybrought the Gospel to many incurable diseases,brought hope to millions of patients and family, butit must be restricted because of ethical and moral,science and technology is the first productive force, but if you want to sacrifice the bottom line isthe most basic human society ethics to promotethe development of science, that there's no pointin science and technology for human? Humanscan create these emerging technology in practice,also should have moved to regulate the abuse ofthese techniques, we can't let moral constraints the development of science, also cannot let theprogress of science and technology from the monitoring of moral, human need to be reconciledreasonable subjective initiative into full play, to make it good for people rather than hidden trouble. Science and technology should be a greatcause for the development of mankind now and inthe future, and should be developed and createdin the spirit of sustainable development and people-oriented ideas.
1) 克隆将减少遗传变异，通过克隆产生的个体具有同样的遗传基因，同样的疾病敏感性，一种疾病就可以毁灭整个由克隆产生的群体。 可以设想，如果一个国家的牛群都是同一个克隆产物，一种并不严重的病毒就可能毁灭全国的畜牧业。
Cloning would reduce genetic variation,so that the individuals created by cloning wouldhave the same genes, the same susceptibility todisease, and one disease could destroy the entirepopulation created by cloning. lt is conceivablethat if all the cattle in a country were cloned, amild virus could devastate the country 's livestock industry.
2) 克隆技术的使用将使人们倾向于大量繁殖现有种群中最有利用价值的个体，而不是按自然规律促进整个种群的优胜劣汰。从这个意义上说，克隆技术干扰了自然进化过程.
The use of cloning technology will makepeople tend to multiply the most useful individualsin the existing population, rather than promote the survival of the fittest of the whole populationaccording to the natural law. In this sense, cloning interferes with natural evol ution.
3) 克隆技术是一种昂贵的技术，需要大量的金钱和生物专业人士的参与，失败率非常高。多莉就是277次实验唯一的成果。虽然现在发展出了更先进的技术，成功率也只能达到2-3%。
Cloning is an expensive technology thatrequires a lot of money and the involvement ofbiological professionals. The failure rate is veryhigh. Dolly was the only result of 277 experiments.Although more advanced techniques have been developed, the success rate is only 2-3%.
4) 转基因动物提高了疾病传染的风险。例如，如果一头生产药物牛奶的牛感染了病毒，这种病毒就可能通过牛奶感染病人
Genetically modified animals increase therisk of disease transmission. For example, if a cowproducing pharmaceutical milk is infected with avirus, the virus can infect a patient through the milk.
5) 克隆技术应用于人体将导致对后代遗传性状的人工控制。克隆技术引起争论的核心就是能否允许对发育初期的人类胚胎进行遗传操作。这是很多伦理学家所不能接受的。
The application of cloning technology tohuman body will lead to the artificial control ofthe genetic traits of offspring. At the heart of thedebate over cloning is the possibility of allowinggenetic manipulation of human embryos in the early stages of development. This is unacceptable to many ethicists.
6) 克隆技术也可用来创造“超人”，或拥有健壮的体格却智力低下的人。而且，如果克隆技术能够在人类中有效运用，男性也就失去了遗传上的意义。
Cloning can also be used to create superhuman beings, or people who are physicallystrong but mentally weak. And if cloning can beused effectively in humans, men will lose their genetic significance.
7) 克隆技术对家庭关系带来的影响也将是巨大的。一个由父亲的DNA克隆生成的孩子可以看作父亲的双胞胎兄弟，只不过延迟了几十年出生而已。很难设想，当一个人发现自己只不过是另外一个人的完全复制品，他（或她）会有什么感受？
Cloning will also have a huge impact onfamily relationships. A child cloned from a father'sDNA can be regarded as a father' s twin brother,only born decades later. It's hard to imagine howa person feels when he or she finds out that he or she is an exact copy of another person.
弊：
1.克隆技术导致的基因复制，会威胁基因多样性的保持，生物的演化将出现一个逆向的颠倒过程，即由复杂走向简单，这对生物的生存是极为不利的。
Cloning technology leads to genereplication, will threaten the maintenance of genetic diversity, biological evolution will appeara reverse reverse process, that is, from complexto simple, which is extremely detrimental to the survival of organisms.
2.克隆人是对自然生殖的替代和否定，打破了生物演进的自律性，带有典型的反自然性质。与当今正在兴起的崇尚天人合一、回归自然的基本文化趋向相悖。
Human cloning is the replacement andnegation of natural reproduction, breaking the self-discipline of biological evolution, with a typicalanti-natural nature. It is contrary to the basic cultural trend of advocating the unity of heaven and man and returning to nature.
3.通过克隆技术实现人的自我复制和自我再现之后，可能导致人的身心关系的紊乱。
The realization of self-reproduction andself-reproduction through cloning technology maylead to the disorder of the relationship between body and mind.
4. 身份和社会权利难以分辨。假如有一天，突然有20个儿子来分你的财产，他们的指纹、基因都一样，将无法识别。
ldentity and social rights are indistinguishable. If one day, all of a sudden,there are 20 sons to share your property, theirfingerprints, their genes are all the same, they will not be identified.
5.可能支持克隆人的人有一个观点：解决无法生育的问题。但一个没有生育能力的人克隆的下一代还会没有生育能力。
People who may be in favor of human cloning have a point of view: to solve the problemof infertility. But the next generation cloned from a sterile person will still be sterile.
6.在克隆人研究中，如果出现异常，有缺陷的克隆人不能像克隆的动物随意处理掉，这也是一个麻烦。因此在目前的环境下，不仅是观念、制度，包括整个社会结构都不知道怎么来接纳克隆人。
In the study of human cloning, if there isabnormal, defective human cloning can not bedisposed of at will like cloned animals, this is alsoa trouble. Therefore, in the current environment,not only concepts and institutions, but also thewhole social structure do not know how to accept human cloning.
7.根据信息克隆生物有早衰性,"多利"也是,因而已逝世.
According to the information cloning organisms have premature aging,'"dolly" is also, so has died.
8.对伦理学界来说，克隆人行为关涉到一个很严重的伦理问题，因为它侵犯了伦理学的基本原则，比如不伤害原则，自主原则，平等原则等等。
For the ethics circle, human cloning is related to a very serious ethical problem, becauseit violates the basic principles of ethics, such as the principle of no harm, the principle ofautonomy, the principle of equality and so on.
扩展资料：
有些人认为克隆能用来挽救濒危动物。也有人认为不能，因为挽救濒危动物需要提高他们的繁殖能力。而克隆做的是另外一件事情：得到遗传结构完全相同的后代;而且克隆技术无论如何都是一个降低繁殖能力的办法。我们应当尽快保存那些濒危动物尽量多个体的活细胞，也许技术的进步可使他们在以后得到挽救。
Some people think cloning can be usedto save endangered animals. Others say not,because saving endangered animals requires improving their ability to reproduce. Cloning doessomething else: it produces offspring with exactlythe same genetic structure; And cloning is anywaya way of reducing reproduction. We should savethe living cells of as many individuals as possiblefrom endangered animals as soon as possible,and perhaps technological advances will save them in the future.
克隆人技术面临论理学的危机，我们人类的血缘关系没有了，这是人类最基本的社会关系，如果最基本的社会关系未来，人类建立社会的基石发生动摇，人类社会关系就必然发生根本的紊乱，我们人类没有办法处理这些问题，苦恼是文化的毁灭性的。
Clone technology faced the crisis of logic,we don't have the human blood relationship, this isthe most basic human social relations, if the mostbasic social relations in the future, the foundationfor the establishment of a social human changed,human society is inevitable underlying disorder,we human beings have no way to deal with theseproblems, the misery is the destruction of culture.
如果克隆人技术的发展，世界不仅是唯一的我们人类，而且是我们人类唯一的一种人的遗传基因，这个人是非常脆弱危险的，一旦他的死亡就是我们人类的末日。唯一的就有弱点，就是我们需要的多样性的食品一样，如果粮食仅仅是克隆的，一旦出现危机，我们人类就出现粮食危机，人类生存就成为危机。
If the development of human cloning technology, the world is not only the only one ofUs humans, but also the only one of our humangenetic genes, this person is very fragile anddangerous, once his death is the end of ourhuman. The only weakness is that we need thesame diversity of food, if the food is just cloning,once there is a crisis, we will have a food crisis, human survival will become a crisis.
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