21天|《动物庄园》——猪是如何“堕落”为人的（乔治奥威尔的动物庄园）

《动物庄园》，一部豆瓣评分在9分以上，被称为西方25部传世文学作品之一。

哈喽亲爱的伙伴们，今天的雨终于小了，如果你这几天一直窝在家里，一定要记得多“走动走动”，否则会“发霉”的哦~

水逆退散

今天我们的主题是“书评”，所以咱们的“青岛特刊”又要往后拖一拖了嘻嘻嘻~但辰辰今天想起来以前看过的一本很好的书——《动物庄园》。别以为他只是一个简单的“寓言故事”，但却被评价为“未来世界的预言”，想知道都有哪些预言吗，一起来看看吧~

作者简介

乔治·奥威尔(George Orwell, 1903~1950)，本名埃里克·阿瑟·布莱尔(Eric Arthur Blair)，英国著名小说家、杂文作家、记者和评论家，生于英国殖民下的印度，在缅甸当过警察，参加过西班牙内战。乔治·奥威尔一生短暂，但他以敏锐的洞察力和犀利的文笔审视和记录着他所生活的那个时代，并做出了许多超越时代的预言，被称为“一代人的冷峻良知”。他的作品以揭露社会不公现象、反对极权主义为特点，其中最著名的代表作就是《1984》(1984)和《动物庄园》。《动物庄园》出版于1945年，讲述了一个农场的众多动物不堪人类主人的压迫，在猪的领导下革命成功后，又在阴谋与权力的倾轧下，回归极权主义悲惨生活的故事。小说生动地讲述了极权主义形成的过程，借猪喻人，体现了作者对人类社会的深刻洞悉，读来令人胆战心惊。确实这个主题很不一般呢！

乔治·奥威尔

作品赏析

《动物庄园》讲了这样一则寓言故事：

曼纳庄园中一头名为少校的猪在临终前发表了一番演讲，认为动物们饱受人类主人的压迫，过着极度悲惨的生活，应当发动一场革命，推翻人类的统治，实现自治，建立所有动物皆平等的乌托邦社会。

此番演讲在动物们中间引起了极大的反响。少校死后不久，以猪为首的几只动物发动并领导了动物革命，成功赶走了庄园的人类主人，宣告成立动物庄园，开始了动物自治、共同开创美好生活的新时代。由于猪在革命中起到的重要作用以及猪在所有动物中无可比拟的智慧，猪们理所当然成了新庄园的领导者和规划者，负责管理动物庄园中包括财产分配、劳动分配、反抗外敌入侵等所有事务。为了实现理想中的美好社会，动物庄园制定了“七诫”作为法规，写在高高的建筑物上，以确保所有动物能保持对人类的憎恨，永不享受属于人类的东西，并享有平等的权利。
然而好景不长。智慧超群的猪中间有两头猪最为出色，一头名为雪球，他思维敏捷，能言善辩，致力于动物庄园集体奔小康的发展，积极为动物们谋福利，在动物们中间颇有威望；另一头猪名叫拿破仑，他强壮无比，极有心机，有很高的威慑力，很多动物都臣服于他。两头猪犹如一座山头的两只老虎，常常针锋相对，争执不下。
在一次讨论是否要花费巨大人力物力建风车的会议中，眼看雪球就要赢得民心，拿破仑突然用自己秘密训练的由一群狗组成的军队赶走了雪球，并指出雪球就是近期动物庄园种种财产丢失事件的罪魁祸首，还义愤填膺地告诉大家雪球与人类沆瀣一气，试图夺取动物庄园。
在拿破仑的“洗脑棍棒”下，动物们听信了他的说辞，从此民主的雏形破裂，拿破仑成了唯一的领袖。此后，拿破仑一边将动物们的劳动果实据为己有，一边将自己的罪行都推给逃走的雪球，同时还利用一头名叫声响器的猪宣传造势，让“拿破仑同志永远正确”的观念深深扎根于动物们心中。此外，他停掉了雪球的扫盲计划，并窃取雪球的风车创意，以“建风车发电”为借口剥削动物们的劳动力。渐渐地，他开始公然违反“七诫”，并授意声响器在民众中散布谎言来为自己掩饰，动物们稍有反对意见就施以血腥镇压，还故意引入与外敌的战争以增强个人威望。
直到最后，“七诫”中最重要的一条“所有动物一律平等”也被堂而皇之地改为“所有动物一律平等，但有些动物更加平等”，猪们开始公然享受人类的住房、服饰与美食，并与人类平起平坐、共谈交易，彻底完成了由猪向人的转变。而此时动物庄园的动物们过着比以往更加悲惨的生活，却在猪们的洗脑下认为自己过着的是比以往更好的日子。

猪猪“拿破仑”

这无疑是一则政治寓言。乔治·奥威尔在1945年该书出版时曾说：“这是一部革命史，但它误入歧途，而且每次都偏离得那么有道理。”书中的“人”就象征着“独裁者”，从“猪”到“人”的堕落，就是在权力的腐蚀下从受苦受难的普通人到独裁者、剥削者的转变。

书中的动物们原本想要建设一个乌托邦式的美好社会，却最终走向了极权主义。然而，这又不仅仅是个故事，而是可能发生在所有社会中的可怕预言。极权主义之所以能够形成，不仅仅是因为有像“拿破仑”这样的猪——他们有超乎寻常的智慧、狠毒残酷的手段、侵吞权力的野心以及满足私利的强烈*，更是因为还有一群无知的民众。在动物庄园成立之初，大部分动物早已受惯了人类的压迫，所谓“自由、独立、平等”的生活对他们来说就像一个美好的幻梦，他们心向往之，却全然不懂如何操作，他们空有一番热情，却毫无相应的知识和智慧，于是只能盲目地追随聪明且学习能力强的猪，任由他们洗脑，即使稍有疑惑，也会被猪们的“洗脑棍棒”消除得一干二净。

节选中的“拳师”就是很好的例子：可以说，他是动物庄园中最忠诚、最卖力的动物，是典型的劳动模范，同时他也是最拥护、最轻信拿破仑各种宣传和说辞的动物之一。在为拿破仑的政策“鞠躬尽瘁，差点牺牲”后，他满意地回顾自己辛劳的一生，想象着自己退休后的美好生活，却没料到自己最终只落得被拿破仑送往屠宰场的悲惨下场。而这一切都源于他的无知。雪球曾开展扫盲计划，让所有的动物学会读书写字，可大部分的动物却都像拳师一样，只知道埋头干活，学了前几个字母便放弃。也正因如此，当猪们堂而皇之地修改了写在墙上的“七诫”时，却很少有动物清楚发生了什么。虽说也有少数像“本杰明”这样拥有堪比猪的智慧和知识的长者，可他却从头到尾抱着事不关己的态度，直到眼睁睁地看着自己最好的朋友走向最悲惨的死亡。

插画

然而，描写极权主义的形成并不是乔治·奥威尔的目的，他也不是为了让读者痛恨独裁者的惨绝人寰，更不是为了让读者同情动物们的悲惨命运。书中所有的一切，包括那些描述详尽的愚弄民众的政治伎俩，都是写来警醒世人的。由于人的劣根性所致，人(尤其是领导者)在权力的诱惑下越陷越深并偏离正轨、酿造悲剧的事情在历史上并不少见，而作为普通民众，要预防并阻止类似事件的发生并不容易。然而，有一件事是可以做也是必须要做的，那就是用知识武装自己，拥有有见识、有分辨能力的清醒头脑。因为只有当人人都强大起来，才不易被愚弄；只有这样，才不至于出现“猪”堕落成“人”这样的荒诞剧，人类才有可能实现真正的自由和平等。

精彩片段试读

Late one evening in the summer, a sudden rumour ran round the farm that something had happened to Boxer (拳师，一匹身强力壮的马，是动物庄园中最勤劳最忠诚的动物，深受动物们的爱戴。). He had gone out alone to drag a load of stone down to the windmill. And sure enough, the rumour was true. A few minutes later two pigeons came racing in with the news: "Boxer has fallen! He is lying on his side and can't get up!"

About half the animals on the farm rushed out to the knoll（圆丘；土墩） where the windmill stood. There lay Boxer, between the shafts（传动轴） of the cart, his neck stretched out（伸出）, unable even to raise his head. His eyes were glazed（呆滞的）, his sides matted（乱蓬蓬的） with sweat. A thin stream of blood had trickled（滴，淌） out of his mouth. Clover8) dropped to her knees at his side.

"Boxer," she cried, "how are you?"

"It is my lung," said Boxer in a weak voice. "It does not matter. I think you will be able to finish the windmill without me. There is a pretty good store of stone accumulated. I had only another month to go in any case. To tell you the truth, I had been looking forward to my retirement. And perhaps, asBenjamin（本杰明，一头驴子，充满智慧却不太爱管事，与拳师是好朋友） is growing old too, they will let him retire at the same time and be a companion to me."

"We must get help at once," said Clover. "Run, somebody, and tellSquealer（声响器，一只猪，动物庄园的领袖拿破仑的发言人，负责给动物们洗脑） what has happened."

All the other animals immediately raced back to the farmhouse to give Squealer the news. Only Clover remained, and Benjamin who lay down at Boxer's side, and, without speaking, kept the flies off him with his long tail. After about a quarter of an hour Squealer appeared, full of sympathy and concern. He said that Comrade Napoleon（拿破仑同志，在起义后赶走竞争对手雪球，成为动物庄园的领袖） had learned with the very deepest distress of this misfortune to one of the most loyal workers on the farm, and was already making arrangements to send Boxer to be treated in the hospital at Willingdon. The animals felt a little uneasy at this. Except for Mollie and Snowball, no other animal had ever left the farm, and they did not like to think of their sick comrade in the hands of human beings. However, Squealer easily convinced them that the veterinary（兽医的） surgeon（外科医生） in Willingdon could treat Boxer's case more satisfactorily than could be done on the farm. And about half an hour later, when Boxer had somewhat recovered, he was with difficulty got on to his feet, and managed to limp（一瘸一拐地走） back to his stall（隔栏，分隔间）, where Clover and Benjamin had prepared a good bed of straw for him.

马丁路德金

For the next two days Boxer remained in his stall. The pigs had sent out a large bottle of pink medicine which they had found in the medicine chest in the bathroom, and Clover administered it to Boxer twice a day after meals. In the evenings she lay in his stall and talked to him, while Benjamin kept the flies off him. Boxer professed（表达） not to be sorry for what had happened. If he made a good recovery, he might expect to live another three years, and he looked forward to the peaceful days that he would spend in the corner of the big pasture（牧场）. It would be the first time that he had had leisure to study and improve his mind. He intended, he said, to devote the rest of his life to learning the remaining twenty-two letters of the alphabet.

However, Benjamin and Clover could only be with Boxer after working hours, and it was in the middle of the day when the van came to take him away. The animals were all at work weeding（给……除草） turnips（萝卜） under the supervision of a pig, when they were astonished to see Benjamin comegalloping（飞奔） from the direction of the farm buildings, braying at the top of his voice. It was the first time that they had ever seen Benjamin excited—indeed, it was the first time that anyone had ever seen him gallop. "Quick, quick!" he shouted. "Come at once! They're taking Boxer away!" Without waiting for orders from the pig, the animals broke off work and raced back to the farm buildings. Sure enough, there in the yard was a large closed van, drawn by two horses, with lettering on its side and a sly（狡猾的）-looking man in a low-crowned bowler hat sitting on the driver's seat. And Boxer's stall was empty.

The animals crowded round the van. "Good-bye, Boxer!" they chorused. "Good-bye!"

"Fools! Fools!" shouted Benjamin, prancing（腾跃） round them and stamping the earth with his small hoofs. "Fools! Do you not see what is written on the side of that van?" In the midst of a deadly silence he read:

"'Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler, Willingdon. Dealer in Hides and Bone-Meal.' Do you not understand what that means? They are taking Boxer to the knacker's（废马屠夫）!"