编者按：美国最高法院决定推翻“罗诉韦德案”裁决，在美国社会引起轩然大波。CGTN旗舰时事评论栏目《对话》先前就美国堕胎权争议采访了美国斯坦福大学医学院副教授颜惠亚和美国陶森大学教授雷·贝克。视频仅代表被访者个人观点，不代表CGTN的观点或立场。
Editor’s Note: The U.S. Supreme Court’s decision to overturn Roe v. Wade has caused an uproar in the American society. CGTN's current affairs show Dialogue interviewed Sophia Yen, Clinical Associate Professor at Stanford Medical School, and Ray Baker, Adjunct Professor at Towson University, focusing on the abortion rights controversy in the U.S. Views expressed in the videos are his/hers and do not necessarily represent those of CGTN.
1973年，美国联邦最高法院通过了“罗诉韦德案”，承认女性堕胎权受到宪法隐私权的保护。自此，堕胎在美全国范围内合法化。
In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on Roe v. Wade, which recognized that a woman's right to abortion is protected by the constitutional right to privacy. Since then, the right to have an abortion has been enshrined nationwide in the United States.
然而，当地时间6月24日，美国最高法院推翻了“罗诉韦德案”裁决。自此，各州将有权自行制定堕胎法。
On June 24, the U.S. Supreme Court has announced to overturn Roe v. Wade, which indicates that abortion policy now rests in the hands of the states.
在5月泄露的一份长达98页的美国联邦最高法院多数意见草稿中，最高法院大法官塞缪尔·阿利托写道：“堕胎是一个深刻的道德问题，美国人对此持有截然不同的看法。”
"Abortion presents a profound moral issue on which Americans hold sharply conflicting views," wrote Justice Samuel Alito in a 98-page draft majority opinion of the U.S. Supreme Court, which was leaked earlier in May.
美国国内关于堕胎权的争议一直存在。反对一切形式堕胎的人，即“生命至上”支持者，认为禁止堕胎是保护胎儿的潜在生命。而支持堕胎权的人，即“选择至上”支持者，则认为女性有选择是否堕胎的权利，不应由法律约束。
There has long been controversy over abortion rights within the United States. Opponents of all forms of abortion, known as "pro-life" advocates, argue that banning abortion protects the potential life of the fetus. Pro-choice advocates, on the other hand, believe that women have the right to choose whether to have an abortion, and that it should not be bound by law.
生命之战：堕胎自由究竟是谋害生命还是保护生命？
A war for life: Is abortion killing life or saving life?
堕胎权备受争议的原因之一就是不同宗教对于“生命何时开始”有着不同的认知。罗马天主教的教义认为生命从受精卵开始。而犹太教则认为，生命从婴儿的第一次呼吸开始。“生命至上”支持者普遍认为，生命从受孕开始，所以未出生的婴儿也是“人”。堕胎无异于谋*。他们认为，从宗教角度来看，《圣经》旧约中的第六条诫命“不可*人”适用于所有人类，包括未出生的婴儿。
One of the reasons abortion rights are so controversial is that different religions have different perceptions of "when life begins". Roman Catholic doctrine regards a fertilized egg as a human being. Judaism holds that life begins with the first breath. Most pro-life advocates believe that life begins at conception, so unborn babies are human beings and thus abortion is equivalent to murder. From the religious perspective, the Sixth Commandment of the Bible's Old Testament, "Thou shalt not kill" (Exodus 20:13), applies to all human beings, including unborn babies.
对此，美国斯坦福大学医学院副教授颜惠亚认为支持堕胎权才是真正的“生命至上”，因为堕胎禁令的通过意味着，胎儿畸形、孕妇生命垂危以及因强奸、乱伦受孕等情况均不例外，胎儿可能出生即夭折，而孕妇也可能面临机体损伤，影响未来生育。此外，法律禁令不能杜绝堕胎行为，反而加大了堕胎风险和成本，终将损害女性权利。
Sophia Yen, Clinical Associate Professor at the Stanford Medical School, pointed out that supporting the right to abortion is actually "pro-life," because once the abortion ban is passed, there's no exception for rape, incest, or the health and life of the pregnant woman. The fetus may be born dead, while the pregnant woman may also face physical damage that will affect her future fertility. In addition, the legal ban does not eliminate abortion, but rather makes it dangerous, delayed and more expensive, which will ultimately undermine women's rights.
颜惠亚教授表示：“各州自行制定堕胎法将剥夺女性堕胎的权利，剥夺我们按照个人宗教信仰和医生建议来支配自己身体的权利，这意味着在司法层面上，女性将成为二等公民。"By forcing this decision back to the states and reversing the right to abortion, the right to decide what happens to my body according to my religion in conjunction with my physician, the court is saying that women are second-class citizens," said Prof. Yen.
就美国目前的医疗保障条件，颜惠亚教授补充道：“目前，美国对堕胎限制最多的州为分娩孕妇、单身母亲和新生儿提供的支持最少。而允许堕胎的自由派州反而能为*女性提供更多支持。”
"States that are most restrictive on abortion are the states that are least likely to support pregnant women when they give birth, single mothers, new babies. The liberal states that allow abortion are the ones most likely to support a woman if she decides to continue that pregnancy," added Prof. Yen, when commenting on Medicare conditions in the U.S..
堕胎权沦为州权 生命之争的背后是权利之战
What happens as abortion rights becomes a states' rights issue?
在“罗诉韦德案”之前，堕胎是否合法，由各州自行决定。1973年，哈里·布莱克门法官在“罗诉韦德案”的多数意见中写道，法院认为《美国宪法第十四修正案》中的隐私权包含了妇女对于是否终止妊娠的决定权。
Before the ruling of the Roe v. Wade, it was up to each individual state to decide whether abortion should be legal or not. In 1973, Justice Harry Blackmun wrote for the majority opinion in Roe v. Wade, saying that the court held a woman's right to an abortion was implicit in the right to privacy protected under the 14th Amendment.
然而，如今，这一裁决被视为“滥用司法权力”。
However, this ruling is now viewed as an "abuse of judicial authority".
塞缪尔·阿利托法官称“‘罗诉韦德案’从一开始就错得离谱”，因为“宪法中没有提及过堕胎，也没有任何宪法条款保护堕胎权”。“现在是时候服从宪法，将堕胎这一问题交由民选代表来决定了。”
According to Justice Samuel Alito, Roe v. Wade was "egregiously wrong from the start," because "the Constitution makes no reference to abortion, and no such right is implicitly protected by any constitutional provision." "It is time to heed the Constitution and return the issue of abortion to the people's elected representative," wrote Justice Samuel Alito.
如今，“罗诉韦德案”被推翻，美国各州将自主决定堕胎是否合法、何时合法。这意味着堕胎很有可能在部分州将受到限制，而州议会与州长将需要就堕胎问题进行表态。
With Roe v. Wade overturned, individual states would be able to decide whether and when abortions would be legal. This means that abortion will likely become restricted in some states, and state legislatures and governors will have to take a stand on abortion.
“罗诉韦德案”推翻后，美国有16个州可能将禁止堕胎。/ 图源：美国政治新闻网
宾夕法尼亚州州长汤姆•沃尔夫就堕胎问题表态支持堕胎权
对此，美国陶森大学教授雷·贝克指出：“美国1861年的南北战争就是围绕州权问题展开的。如果我们深究这个州权问题，就会发现，‘州权’保护的是奴役非洲人后裔的权利。如今最高法院推翻‘罗诉韦德案’、反对堕胎、反对选择权，凡此种种，其背后逻辑和当初（保护奴隶制）的州权如出一辙。”
"The Civil War in 1861 was fought over the question of states' rights. But when we dig deeper on the question of states' rights, it was the state's right to enslave people of African descent. So what we're now seeing with this overturning of Roe v. Wade and the anti-abortion and anti-choice efforts is again the same language of states' rights," said Prof. Baker.
“每当美国提出有关州权的问题时，其最终目的都是为了巩固白人至上主义者、异性恋者、父权至上者的地位，并纵容他们迫害那些除白人、异性恋男性和资本家以外的人。”
"Every time the United States has had a meaningful question about states' rights, it has ultimately served to ensure and enshrine white supremacist, heterosexual, patriarchal harm and violence against everyone who is not white, heterosexual male, and capitalist."
最高法能否代表代表群众意志？
Can the Supreme Court represent the will of the masses?
作为美国三权分立制度的重要组成部分之一，包括最高法院在内的司法部门拥有法律解释权，并与其他两个权力部门形成制衡。最高法院的九名大法官由总统提名并经国会批准，应致力于维护司法独立。然而，“罗诉韦德案”的推翻却引起了人们对最高法院政治化的推测。
As one of the three "separate but equal" branches of the U.S. government, the judicial branch, which includes the Supreme Court, should interpret the law and balance the other two branches. Nominated by the President and approved by the Congress, the Supreme Court Justices are assumed to uphold judicial independence, yet the overturn of Roe v. Wade has aroused perceptions of a politicized Supreme Court.
雷·贝克教授指出，先前泄露的草案显示，5名支持推翻“罗诉韦德案”的法官中，有3名由美国前总统特朗普任命，1名由美国前总统小布什任命，这两位总统在美国大选中虽然最终赢得了足够的选举人票当选总统，但均未赢得普选，即并未获得多数选民的支持。
Prof. Ray Baker pointed out that of the five justices who are leaked to have supported overturning Roe v. Wade, three of them were appointed by former President Donald Trump and one by former President George W. Bush, both of whom did not win the popular election in the United States.
美国广播公司新闻和《华盛顿邮报》联合发布的一项民意调查发现，70%的美国人认为女性是否需要堕胎不应该由法律决定。
An ABC News/Washington Post poll finds that 70% of Americans believe whether a woman seeks an abortion should not be regulated by the law.
雷·贝克教授说：“美国群众的意志一次又一次地被忽视。”
"Time and again, we are seeing in the United States that by and large the will of the masses are not being attended to or addressed in meaningful ways," said Prof. Baker.
“罗诉韦德案”并非美国唯一具有争议性的话题。颜惠亚教授补充道，此次投票支持推翻“罗诉韦德案”的5名法官可能并不会就此收手，他们还会进一步损害少数群体的权益。特朗普将新冠肺炎疫情政治化后，她本人就亲历了美国社会对亚裔的仇视。
Roe v. Wade is not the only controversial topic in the United States. Prof. Sophia Yen expressed the concern that the five justices who endorse the draft may come after minority rights. As an Asian American, she has experienced the spread of hate against Asians when former President Donald Trump politicized COVID-19.
她说：“令人担忧的是，这是一个滑坡效应。‘罗诉韦德’案只是一系列疯狂举动的开端。”
“What is scary is this is a slippery slope. This is the beginning of madness,” Prof. Yen said.
美全国堕胎联合会的最新报告显示，相较2020年，2021年针对堕胎机构的袭击数量大幅增加。而此次最高法推翻“罗诉韦德案”的也可能会引发更多暴力事件。据美联社报道，堕胎机构已在准备应对暴力事件升级。
According to a new report from the National Abortion Federation, attacks on abortion providers increased significantly in 2021 as compared with 2020. At the same time, it is anticipated that the overturning of Roe v. Wade may encourage rise in violence, as reported by the Associated Press that abortion providers are bracing themselves for an escalation in violence.
自文件泄密以来，堕胎争议已在美国社会掀起轩然大波。中期选举将至，堕胎权已成为民主共和两党的争锋焦点。拜登总统喊话，需要更多支持堕胎权的参议员和众议员。
Ever since the leak, abortion has become an even more heated topic in American society. With the midterm elections coming, abortion rights have become a bone of contention between the Democrats and the Republicans. President Biden is calling for the election of "more pro-choice Senators and a pro-choice majority in the House".
先前泄密疑云引发的政治余波已超出了最高法院的管辖范畴。如何恢复群众对最高法院的信任？如今，板上钉钉的裁决结果会否引发进一步的民意分裂，甚至招致更多极端暴力事件？也许答案已不在“罗诉韦德案”。
The previous leak of the document has caused spillover effects on the politics, which is out of the Supreme Court’s control. How to restore the public's trust in the Supreme Court? Now, with the nail-biting ruling, will there be further divisions in public opinion and even more extreme violence? Perhaps the answer goes beyond Roe v. Wade.
