【龙腾网】科学告诉你如何在炎热的夏日保持凉爽和舒适

【龙腾网】科学告诉你如何在炎热的夏日保持凉爽和舒适

首页角色扮演Summer Catchers更新时间:2024-04-29

正文翻译


Soaring temperatures make daily life uncomfortable, but also pose a serious threat to human health and the environment. With the southern US in the grip of an extreme heatwave, here is our guide to getting through one.

气温飙升不仅使日常生活变得不舒服,而且严重威胁到人类健康和环境。随着美国南部陷入极端热浪,下面是我们如何熬过热浪的指南。
原创翻译:龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处



The oppressive temperatures of a heatwave can have far-reaching impacts, from risks to human health to destroying crops and increasing the risk of wildfires. In 2019, extreme heat is estimated to have caused the deaths of 356,000 people worldwide, according to one set of estimates, making it one of the most dangerous yet overlooked natural hazards. While there is still a great deal of uncertainty about toll that heatwaves take (the World Health Organization estimates 166,000 people died between 1998 and 2017, by comparison), there is little doubt that the number of people exposed to heatwaves around the world is increasing.

闷热的高温天气可能会产生深远的影响,从威胁人类健康到毁坏庄稼,再到增加野火的风险。根据一组估算数据,2019年,全球大约有35.6万人死于极端高温天气,使其成为最危险而又被忽视的自然灾害之一。尽管热浪造成的死亡人数仍然有很大的不确定性(世界卫生组织估算 1998-2017 年期间有 16.6万人死亡)但毫无疑问,世界各地遭受热浪影响的人数在不断增加。



And climate change is only likely to make heatwaves more frequent and intense in the future.

气候变化可能使未来的热浪更加频繁和强烈。
原创翻译:龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处



The "heat dome" causing a record heatwave this summer in the southern US, including Texas and Louisana, has been made five times more likely due to human-induced climate change, according to one analysis. Temperatures have reached more than 119F (48C) and by mid July 2023 some 110 million Americans were under heat warnings. The energy grid in Texas has also struggled under the strain of surging air conditioning use.

一项分析显示,由于人为引起的气候变化,今年夏天在美国南部(包括德克萨斯州和路易斯安那州),“热穹顶”引发创纪录热浪的可能性增加了五倍。气温已超过 119 华氏度(48 摄氏度),到 2023 年 7 月中旬,大约 1.1 亿美国人处在高温预警状态。德克萨斯州的电网也在空调使用量激增的压力下不堪重负。



In the US, an estimated 1,600 people die each year due to extreme heat while it can also place considerable strain on health services.

在美国,估计每年有1600人死于极端高温天气,并且给医疗服务带来巨大的压力。



Over the years, BBC Future has covered many different aspects of living with and enduring extreme hot weather. Here we round up some of what we have learned.

多年来,BBC未来栏目报道了关于适应和忍受极端炎热天气的许多方面。在这里,我们总结了一些过往的经验。



How do you stay cool in a heatwave?

如何在热浪中保持凉爽?
原创翻译:龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处



It's crucial to stay cool in hot weather as it can have serious effects on your health. Fortunately, there are some simple steps you can take to find relief when the temperatures climb to uncomfortable levels.

在炎热的天气里保持凉爽至关重要,否则会对你的健康产生严重影响。当气温升至令人不舒服的水平时,幸好可以采取一些简单的步骤来解暑。



Keeping out of the sun between 11am to 3pm – usually the hottest parts of the day – either by staying indoors or in a shaded area, is an obvious step. It is also important to drink plenty of liquid, including hot and cold drinks (unless it is very humid, in which case hot drinks aren't the best idea). But it's best to avoid drinking lots of alcohol, although a beer or two may still help to hydrate you.

上午11点到下午3点之间(通常是一天中最热的时候)不要晒太阳,要么呆在室内,要么呆在阴凉的地方,这是显而易见的措施。大量饮水也很重要,包括热饮和冷饮(除非天气非常潮湿,在这种情况下,热饮不是最好的选择)。但最好不要喝太多酒,尽管一两杯啤酒仍然可以帮助你补充水分。



Eating foods with high water content such as strawberries, cucumber, lettuce and watermelon can also help you to stay hydrated. Spicy and hot foods have also been shown to help us stay cool by making us sweat more.

吃含水量高的食物,如草莓、黄瓜、生菜和西瓜也能帮助你保持水分。辛辣食物也被证明可以让我们多出汗,从而帮助我们保持凉爽。
原创翻译:龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处




Heatwaves are likely to make summer months more challenging in the decades to come

在未来的几十年里,热浪可能会使夏季变成更大的挑战。



While the evidence on the colour of clothing is mixed – there appears to be little difference between wearing light or dark clothing as a study of Bedouin tribes in the 1980s revealed – wearing loose-fitting clothes can help by allowing air to circulate next to your skin.

虽然关于衣服颜色的证据存在不确定性——20世纪80 年代对贝都因部落的研究表明,穿浅色或深色衣服似乎没有什么区别——但穿宽松的衣服可以让空气在皮肤周围流通,有助于保持凉爽。
原创翻译:龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处



You should also think twice before you open all the windows of your house to keep cool – if the temperature if higher outside than inside, you might lose a possible cool haven. Close the curtains in rooms where they face the sun instead.

在打开家里所有的窗户以保持凉爽之前,你也应该三思而行——如果室外温度高于室内,你可能会失去一个凉爽的避风港,应该把直对太阳的房间的窗帘拉上。



One of the easiest ways to stay cool can be to take advantage of the temperature change in the air when water evaporates. Taking a cold shower or a swim can help you cool down quickly. Ancient societies placed earthenware jars of water or wet sheets in front of a window or a draughty spot, helping to cool the air as it passes over it. This can also work if you are using a fan by blowing the air over a bowl of ice or cool wet sheet.

保持凉爽的最简单方法之一是利用水蒸发时空气温度的变化。洗冷水澡或游泳可以帮助你快速降温。古代社会将盛有水的陶罐或湿床单放在窗前或通风处,有助于给经过的空气降温。如果你使用风扇将空气扇到一碗冰或凉爽的湿床单上,也是有效果的。



However, the evidence on the effectiveness of fans is quite mixed, largely due to a lack of good quality randomised trials. Generally, fans are thought to help in temperatures up to 35C (95F), but above that blowing hot air across the body could make the situation worse and even increase dehydration. It's also worth remembering that fans use motors to work, and so generate some heat of their own while running, so it is a good idea to keep a window ajar to improve the flow of air.

然而,关于风扇有效性的证据充满了不确定性,主要是因为缺少高质量的随机试验。一般来说,风扇在35摄氏度(95华氏度)温度以下是有效的,但超过这个温度,将热空气吹遍全身可能会使情况变得更糟,甚至加剧脱水。另外还需要记住,风扇使用电机来工作,所以在运转时会产生一定的热量,因此正确的做法是保持窗户半开,以改善空气流通。



In the longer term there are a huge variety of ways we could adapt our houses and buildings to stay cooler in high temperatures, from wind catchers – towers which create cross ventilation in buildings and have been used by societies for millennia, to green roofs and corridors. Trees are an amazing way to keep cities cool – and even a single tree in a street or a garden can provide measurable cooling benefits. Meanwhile, cities such as Tokyo have experimented with new ways to keep a wider city cool, from solar-blocking paint to new types of low-energy air conditioning.

从长远来看,我们可以通过多种方法使房屋和建筑物在高温下保持凉爽,诸如风塔(使建筑物产生交叉通风,已被各国社会使用了数千年)、绿色屋顶、绿色走廊。树木是保持城市凉爽的一种绝妙方式——即使是街道或花园中的一棵树也能产生显著的降温效果。与此同时,东京等城市尝试了一些新方法来让整个城市保持凉爽,诸如防晒涂料、新型低能耗空调。



Sleeping in a heatwave

在热浪中睡觉



Temperature plays an important role in the human sleep cycle (and that of all mammals). As our bedtime draws near, our core body temperature typically falls along with our heart rate, and is thought to increase the familiar sensation of sleepiness. The veins in our hands and feet also open up to allow more blood through them, increasing the temperature of our skin and increasing heat loss.

温度在人类(以及所有哺乳动物)的睡眠周期中起着重要作用。随着就寝时间的临近,我们的体核温度通常会随着心率而下降,并且被认为会增加熟知的困倦感。我们手脚的静脉也会舒张,以增加血流量,从而提高皮肤温度和增加热量散失。



But on hot, sticky nights, it becomes harder for our bodies to lose heat, meaning our ability to drift off to sleep is also affected. Hot night-time temperatures can also lead to more disrupted sleep, leaving people feeling more tired the following day.

但在湿热的夜晚,我们的身体变得难以散发热量,这意味着我们入睡的能力也会受到影响。夜间的高温天气还会导致睡眠中断,使人们在第二天感到更加疲倦。



The ideal room temperature for sleep is reported to be between 19-21C, although some research suggests we require our skin to be at a temperature of between 31-35C. Bed-sheets, duvets and night-time clothing such as pyjamas help to create a microclimate around our skin that maintains this optimal temperature.

据报道,睡眠的最佳室温在19-21摄氏度之间,但一些研究表明,我们的皮肤温度需要保持在 31-35摄氏度之间。床单、羽绒被、睡衣等夜间服装有助于在我们的皮肤周围营造一个小气候,以保持最佳温度。
原创翻译:龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处



And when temperatures begin to rise, our first instinct might be to throw off the bed sheets to expose more of our skin to the air to help us cool down. Unfortunately some research suggests this isn't as helpful as you might think because it disrupts the body's ability to control the temperature next to our skin through the night. So a thin sheet – rather than something thicker that might provide too much insulation – can help to ensure a better night's sleep.

当气温开始升高时,我们的第一反应可能是扔掉床单,让更多的皮肤暴露在空气中,以帮助我们降温。遗憾的是,有研究表明这没有你所想的那么有用,因为这会破坏身体在夜间调节皮肤温度的能力。因此,薄床单有助于确保更好的夜间睡眠,而厚床单可能产生过多的隔热效果。



A better option might be to use a fan to increase the amount of air flowing over your body at night. Researchers have found that overhead or ceiling fans in particular help to distribute a gentle flow of air over the body, reducing the number of times people wake during the night.

更好的选择可能是使用风扇来增加夜间流经身体的空气量。研究人员发现,吊扇特别有助于将柔和的气流吹过身体,减少人们在夜间醒来的次数。



Opening windows can also help if there is a gentle breeze, but in cities the noise from outside could only make matters worse. Keeping your curtains shut during the day, especially when the Sun is on the windows, can help to prevent your bedroom from heating up too much.

如果室外有微风,打开窗户也会有所帮助,但城市中的室外噪音只会让情况变得更糟。白天拉上窗帘有助于防止卧室温度过高,尤其是当阳光照射在窗户上时。



Avoiding late night snacks can also help. Late-night eating has been lixed to elevated night-time core body temperatures, which can disturb our sleep.

避免吃宵夜也会有所帮助,深夜进食与夜间的体核温度升高有关,这可能会破坏我们的睡眠。

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