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阅读部分Passage 11
Before feminist literary criticism emerged in the 1970s, the nineteenth-century United States writer Fanny Fern was regarded by most critics (when considered at all) as a prototype of weepy sentimentalism—a pious, insipid icon of conventional American culture. Feminist reclamations of Fern, by contrast, emphasize her nonsentimental qualities, particularly her sharply humorous social criticism. Most feminist scholars find it difficult to reconcile Fern’s sardonic social critiques with her effusive celebrations of many conventional values. Attempting to resolve this contradiction, Harris concludes that Fern employed flowery rhetoric strategically to disguise her subversive goals beneath apparent conventionality. However, Tompkins proposes an alternative view of sentimentality itself, suggesting that sentimental writing could serve radical, rather than only conservative ends by swaying readers emotionally, moving them to embrace social change.
Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.
1. The passage suggests which of the following about the contradiction mentioned in the highlighted sentence?
A. It was not generally addressed by critics before the 1970s.
B. It is apparent in only a small number of Ferns writings.
C. It has troubled many feminist critics who study Fern.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that Tompkins would be most likely to agree with which of the following about the critics mentioned in the passage?
A. They accurately characterize the overall result Fern is aiming to achieve.
B. They are not as dismissive of Fern as some feminist critics have suggested.
C. They exaggerate the extent to which Fern intended her writing to serve a social purpose.
D. They wrongly assume that sentimental must be a pejorative term.
E. They fail to recognize the role that sentimental rhetoric plays to reader’s emotions.
Passage 20
In 1995 the Galileo spacecraft captured data about Jupiters atmosphere—namely, the absence of most of the predicted atmospheric water—that challenged prevailing theories about Jupiters structure. The unexpectedness of this finding fits a larger pattern in which theories about planetary composition and dynamics have failed to predict the realities discovered through space exploration. Instead of normal planets whose composition could be predicted by theory, the planets populating our solar system are unique individuals whose chemical and tectonic identities were created through numerous contingent events. One implication of this is that although the universe undoubtedly holds other planetary systems, the duplication of the sequence that produced our solar system and the development of life on Earth is highly unlikely.
......
1. The passage is primarily concerned with
A. enumerating conditions that may have been necessary for a particular development
B. outlining the conditions under which scientists may be able to predict certain events
C. explaining how a particular finding affected scientists understanding of a phenomenon
D. suggesting reasons why a particular outcome was more likely to occur than other possible outcomes
E. assessing the relative significance of factors that contributed to a particular occurrence
2. It can be inferred from the passage that the planetary scientists would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements concerning the development of complex life forms on Earth?
A. It might have occurred earlier in Earths history if cometary impacts had been less frequent than they were.
B. It could have occurred if Earths orbit were 1 percent larger than it is but not if Earths orbit were 5 percent smaller
C. It probably follows a pattern common on other terrestrial planets that occupy planetary systems containing gas giants.
D. Its dependence on the effect that Jupiters gravitational shield has on Earth was difficult to recognize prior to 1995.
E. It has been contingent on conditions elsewhere in Earths solar system as well as on conditions on Earth itself.
3. The author of the passage most likely mentions Mars oscillating tilt primarily in order to
A. provide evidence for a proposition about the potential effects of cometary impacts
B. emphasize the absence from our solar system of normal planets
C. contrast the rotational axis of Mars with that of Venus
D. characterize the role of other planets in the solar system in earths development
E. emphasize the importance of the Moon to the development of life on Earth
4. The passage suggests each of the following about water on Earth EXCEPT:
A. It was conveyed to Earth by comets.
B. It appeared on Earth earlier than did carbon and nitrogen.
C. Its existence in a liquid state is contingent on Earths orbital parameters.
D. Much of it came from a part of the solar system where water cannot exist in a liquid state.
E. It is unlikely that there would be much of it available to support life if the gravitational shield of the outer planets did not limit the frequency with which comets strike Earth.
Passage 35
Architectural morphology is the study of how shifting cultural and environmental conditions produce changes in an architectural form. When applied to the mission churches of New Mexico exemplifying seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Spanish colonial architecture in what is now the southwestern United States, architectural morphology reveals much about how Native American culture transformed the traditional European church architecture of the Spanish missionaries who hoped to convert Native Americans to Christianity.
......
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. correct some misinterpretations about the development of an architectural form
B. compare the traditional church architectures of two different cultures
C. examine the influence of a religious architectural style on secular buildings
D. explain the nature of the contrast between two different architectural styles
E. trace the European roots of an architectural style used in the United Stales
2. The passage suggests that the indicated historians regarded the placement of kivas in the midst of Christian buildings as which of the following?
A. exemplary of an arrangement of religious buildings typical of a kind of Native American architecture common prior to the arrival of the Spanish
B. largely responsible for the evolution of a distinctive Spanish mission architectural style
C. indicative of the Spanish missionaries’ desire to display an attitude of acceptance toward the kiva
D. symbolic of the controversy among Spanish missionaries in New Mexico regarding their treatment of the indigenous population
E. reflective of the Spanish missionary’s desire to diminish the kiva's importance
3. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument about the Spanish missionaries’ attitude toward the kiva?
A. The period of most intensive settlement by Spanish missionaries in the Southwest occurred before the period in which the mission churches of New Mexico were built.
B. There are no traces of kivas in Spanish mission settlements that were protected by a large military presence.
C. Little of the secular Spanish colonial architecture of the Southwest of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is predominantly European in style.
D. Some Spanish missionary communities of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were attached to Spanish military installations.
E. New Mexico contains by far the largest concentration of Spanish mission-style church architecture in the United States.
4. According to the passage, the building techniques prevailing in the Southwest during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries played a role in which of the following?
A. preventing missionaries in the Southwest from duplicating traditional European churches
B. influencing missionaries in the Southwest to incorporate a freestanding kiva into certain mission settlements
C. causing missionaries in the Southwest to limit the building of churches to New Mexico only
D. jeopardizing the viability of Spanish religious settlements throughout the Southwest
E. encouraging many missionaries in the Southwest to reexamine the continued viability of a highly ceremonial European religious tradition
Passage 36
Astronomers have had difficulty accounting for certain planets discovered outside our solar system. They are called hot Jupiters because each is similar in mass to Jupiter, the largest solar-system planet, but orbits its parent star at a fraction of the distance at which Earth, let alone Jupiter, orbits the Sun. In the standard, solar-system-based theory of planetary formation, such as a massive planet could not form so close to a star. So most attempts to explain a hot Jupiter’s existence envision it forming farther away, then migrating inward. According to one hypothesis, the planet’s gravitational field tugs on the protoplanetary disk of dust and gas from which it formed. The disk exerts its own gravitational tug, and this interplay of forces robs the planet of momentum in its orbital path, forcing it to spiral in toward the star. According to another hypothesis, the planet’s gravitational field is so strong that it creates a groove in the disk, partitioning it into inner and outer regions; the resulting gravitational interactions between the planet and these regions cause the planet to lose orbital momentum and spiral inward. Another question remains: what prevents the planet from continuing its spiral until it collides with the star?
1. The author of the passage mentions “Earth” primarily in order to
A.stress the massive size of a hot Jupiter
B.emphasize the proximity of a hot Jupiter to its parent star
C.imply that hot Jupiters are unlikely to harbor extraterrestrial life
D.point out differences between Earth and Jupiter with regard to their orbital distance from the Sun
E. illustrate how hot Jupiters might fit into the standard theory of planetary formation
2. Which of the following elements is part of one but not both of the hypotheses discussed in the passage?
A. an interplay of gravitational forces
B. a loss of orbital momentum
C. a protoplanetary disk composed of dust and gas
D. a protoplanetary disk divided into two regions.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the “attempts” share which of the following goals?
A. to explain how a Jupiter-sized planet could form so close to its parent star.
B. to explain what prevents a hot Jupiter from colliding with its parent star.
C. to determine whether a hot Jupiter is formed from a protoplanetary disk of dust and gas.
D. to determine whether a hot Jupiter’s gravitational field is strong enough to create a groove in its protoplantary disk
E. to account for hot Jupiters in a way that is not inconsistent with the standard theory of planetary formation.
Passage 121
Benjamin Franklin is portrayed in American history as the quintessential self-made man. In “Self-reliance”, Emerson asks, “Where is the master who could have instructed Franklin...?” In fact, Franklin took instruction widely, and his scientific work was highly collaborative. Friends in England sent equipment needed for his electrical experiments, others, in Philadelphia, helped him set up his workshop there. Philip Syng constructed a device for generating electrical charges, while Tomas Hopkinson demonstrated the potential of pointed conductors. Franklin, in addition to being the group’s theoretician, wrote and published its results. His fame as an individual researcher is partly a consequence of the shorthand by which when one person writes about a group’s discoveries, history sometimes grants singular credit for collective effort.
1. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence?
A. It states a viewpoint about Franklin with which the author disagrees.
B. It introduces new evidence about Franklin’s role in the collaborative process.
C. It explains Franklin’s reputation in terms of a broad scholarly phenomenon.
D. It emphasizes the extent to which Franklin relied on others in his workshop.
E. It describes Franklin’s approach to writing scientific results.
2. Emerson is mentioned in the passage primarily to
A. identify the origin of a particular understanding of Franklin
B. elaborate on a view of Franklin that the author takes issue with
C. point to a controversial claim about Franklin’s historical legacy
D. introduce the question of who Franklin’s main scientific influences were
E. suggest that Franklin was resistant to collaboration with other scientists
填空部分17-3. The benefits offered by information technology do not (i)_____ the need for individual reasoning; for example, Internet user should not allow the reasoning process to be (ii)_____ the mere accumulation raw data.
A. disguise
D. preceded by
B. signal
E. supplemented with
C. diminish
F. supplanted by
25-3. Recent scholarship has questioned the (i)_____ of tropical forests around the world. Archaeologists have shown, for example, that the largest contiguous tract of what was thought to be virgin rain forest in the southern Amazon had been transformed into a cultural parkland before European contact, and many of the forest islands in West Africa’s savanna forest transition zone are (ii)_____ as well.
A. diversity
D. isolated
B. naturalness
E. endangered
C. sustainability
F. anthropogenic
28-7. Few ideas are more _____ than the notion that cultures evolve in Darwin fashion;
many academics have begun writing about cultural evolution, but few treat the underlying Darwinian logic with the care it deserves.
A. abused
B. archaic
C. misused
D. outdated
E. divisive
F. derivative
61-4. The benefits offered by information technology do not (i)_____ the need for individual reasoning; for example, Internet user should not allow the reasoning process to be (ii)_____ the mere accumulation raw data.
A. disguise
D. preceded by
B. signal
E. supplemented with
C. diminish
F. supplanted by
64-8. Although in the mid-1970s nuclear power seemed poised for a still greater role in energy supply, in fact the _____ of its prestige had already begun.
A. evaluation
B. waning
C. defense
D. undermining
E. ebbing
F. vindication
91-3. In light of Elizabeth’s habitually (i)_____ nature, her friend were quite surprised by her (ii)_____ at the convention.
A. ingenuous
D. garrulity
B. laconic
E. ostentatiousness
C. intractable
F. tenacity
104-5. Give a computer (i)_____ task—winning at chess, say, or predicting the weather—and the machine bests humans nearly every time. Yet when problems are (ii)_____, or require combining varied sources, computers are (iii)_____ human intelligence.
A. a well-defined
D. nuanced
G. no match for
B. a random
E. inconsequential
H. unyielding to
C. an open-ended
F. solvable
I. able to dwarf
写作部分Issue 44，Argument 34
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