教师发展行动研究 第一季 经典阅读-How to teach English(04)

教师发展行动研究 第一季 经典阅读-How to teach English(04)

首页休闲益智Draw Story更新时间:2024-05-07
第4章:如何描述学和教(How to describe learning and teaching)


■4-1:关于语言学习,我们知道什么?(what do we know about language learning?)

◆4-1-1:首先,接触语言/置于语言环境中(first,being exposed to language);

◆4-1-2:其次,激发学习动机(second,being motivated to learn);

◆4-1-3:最后,有机会使用语言(third,opportunities to use language);

◆4-1-4:幼儿和儿童:不断的接触母语,并伴随情感性支持(babies and children:endless exposure to first language with emotional support);

◆4-1-5:生活在国外的成年人:持续不断地接触语言(continual exposure to the language);

【会心之处】:虽然从事初中英语教学长达20年有余,但从个人领会来讲,我对于语言学习的过程及机理并不非常清晰,在备课过程中,对于教师用书中的一些环节设计,对其目的性也并不非常理解;阅读本节之后,突然有一种豁然开朗之感,所有的语言学习过程,无非是让学习者接触语言并激发学习动机,最终创造使用语言的机会和环境,而语言学习在此过程中自然发生。


■4-2:课堂环境下,语言教学成功的必要元素(what elements are necessary for successful language learning in classrooms?)

◆4-2-1:激发动机,接触语言,使用语言(being motivated,being exposed to language,being given chances to use it);

◆4-2-2:吸引/参与(engage);

【1】→唤起学生兴趣,融入学生情感(arousing students’ interest,involving emotions);

【2】→课程:有趣的、动人的、激励的或有挑战性的(lessons being amused,moved,stimulated or challenged);

【3】→更多趣味,更好学习(more fun,better learning);

【4】→活动类型:游戏,音乐,讨论,有趣的图片,激动人心的故事,奇闻轶事(games,music,discussions,stimulating pictures,dramatic stories and amusing anecdotes);

◆4-2-3:学习(study);

【1】→专注于语言的构建(focusing on the construction of language);

【2】→学习风格的多样化(a variety of different studying styles):语法讲解、以研究语言证据来发现语法、小组活动(explaining grammar,studying language evidence to discover grammar,work in groups);

【3】→学习与练习(study and practice)实例:元音练习、第三人称单数、关于邀请的句型、代词、语段组织(vowel sound,the third person singular,inviting patterns,pronouns,paragraph organization);

【4】→成功的语言学习,依赖于潜意识的语言习得和学习活动的理智融合(successful language learning depends on a judicious blend of subconscious language acquisition and study activities);

◆4-2-4:激活(语言)(activate);

【1】→促使学生自由且以交际目的的使用语言(getting students using language as freely and communicatively);

【2】→学生有机会尝试使用真实的语言并几无限制(a chance to try out real language use with little or no restriction);

【3】→激活类活动包括:角色扮演,广告设计,辩论与讨论,你来描述我来画,故事与诗歌写作,分组写作(role-plays,advertisement design,debates and discussions,describe and draw,story and poem writing,writing in groups);

【4】→未赋予学生激活语言的机会,导致语言习得及学习成为问题(no chance to activate,transferring language acquisition and study into language use being more problematic);

◆4-2-5:一些例外情况(some exceptions);

【1】→增加激活,减少学习(more activation,less study);

【2】→增加学习,减少激活(more study,less activation);

◆4-2-6:适合较低的学习水平,参与-学习-激活(ESA)不止一次(at lower levels,more than one ESA sequence);

◆4-2-7:参与-学习-激活(ESA)不循常规(ESA not in the same order);

◆4-2-8:教师的责任:保持参与-学习-激活(ESA)顺序和内容的多元化(teachers’ responsibility:varying the sequences and content);

【会心之处】:本小节对于“参与-学习-激活”三要素(ESA)的学习过程解释的非常详尽;听、说、读和写的教学活动,无一例外地可以以此三要素进行解释和分析。“参与”需要教师提供外围信息,激活学生的相关学习背景知识;“学习”则是教师在备课时设计的学习活动的具体实现过程;“激活”不仅仅需要教师在课堂环境下设计模拟的语言使用坏境,还包括学生在真实的语言使用语境下,灵活使用语言的活动。


■4-3:课堂教学中,参与-学习-激活(ESA)三元素的整合(how do the three elements of ESA fit together in lesson sequence?)

◆4-3-1:参与-学习-激活(ESA)直线式(ESA Straight Arrow Sequence);

【1】→首先,教师激发学生兴趣,吸引学生参与(first,teacher gets the class interested and engaged);

【2】→其次,师生学习(second,they study something);

【3】→最后,师生通过语言输出的方式激活语言(finally,they try to activate it by putting it into production);

【4】→实例

【吸引/参与】:学生看图片或视频(engage:looking at a picture or video);

【学习】:介绍“can”和“can’t”(study:introducing “can”and “can’t”);

【激活】:小组学习并展示(activate:working in groups and presenting);

【5】→此模式适合较低水平的学生(at lower levels);

◆4-3-2:参与-激活-学习-激活(EASA)回旋镖式(EASA boomerang sequence)

【1】→实例

【参与】:讨论问题(engage:discussing issues);

【激活】:教师描述,学生表演,教师做笔记(activate:teacher describing,students acting out,teacher making notes);

【学习】:学习语法和词汇,控制性练习(study:working on grammar and vocabulary,controlled practice);

【激活】:再次角色扮演(activate:roleplay again);

【2】→满足学生需要(answering the needs of the students);

【3】→教师的巨大负担(a great burden on the teacher);

【4】→适合中级和高级水平学生(at intermediate and advanced levels);

◆4-3-3:参与-激活-激活-学习-激活-学习-参与-激活…拼接式(EAASASEA etc. patchwork sequence)

【1】→实例

【参与】:看图(engage:looking at a picture);

【激活】:表演对话(activate:acting out a dialogue);

【激活】:看文本,说感觉(activate:looking at a text and saying feelings);

【学习】:词汇学习(study:vocabulary work);

【激活】:描述(activate:describing);

【参与】:讨论广告,播放商业广告(discussing ads,playing radio commercials);

【激活】:写作(activate:writing);

【2】→适合中级及高级水平(at intermediate and advanced levels);

【3】→反映出真实的学习方式:混乱无序的,并非总是直线式(reflecting the learning way,chaotically,not always in a straight line);

【4】→保持平衡:学习与激活之间,语言与主题之间(balance between study and activation,between language and topic);

【5】→灵活性(flexicibility)

【会心之处】: 反思目前我在课堂教学中的活动设计,重“参与”和“学习”比较明显,对于“激活”这个将会促使学生使用语言的环节,活动设计明显不足,主要原因可以归结为对于语言使用环节中不可控因素的忧虑。


■4-4:教学模式对当前教学实践的影响(what teaching models have influenced current teaching practice?)

◆4-4-1:语法翻译教学法(Grammar-translation);

【1】→最常用的方式(the most commonly used way);

【2】→长达几百年(for hundreds of years);

【3】→实践者们认为,通过分析语法和寻找学生母语与所学语言之间的对等词,学生将了解外语的建构方式。(practitioners think that,by analyzing the grammar and by finding equivalents between the students’ language and the language to be studied,the students will learn how the foreign language is constructed );

【4】→缺点:阻止学生获得自然的语言输入(stopping students from getting natural language input);无法激活语言知识(failing to activate language knowledge);教授关于语言的知识,而非语言本身(teaching people about language,but not language itself );

◆4-4-2:听说教学法(Audio-lingualism);

【1】→基于行为主义学习理论(based on behaviorist theories of learning );

【2】→学习是通过条件形成习惯的结果(learning is the result of habits formation through conditioning);

【3】→聚焦于长期的反复操练过程(concentrating on long repetition-drill stages);

【4】→缺点:有些过时(out of fashion);语言学习远比习惯形成更加精妙(language learning was far more subtle than the formation of habits);学生未接触现实性的语言(not exposed to realistic language);

【5】→低水平学习阶段仍然受欢迎(still popular during the study phrase at low level);

◆4-4-3:呈现-练习-输出教学法(PPP);

【1】→呈现

【2】→练习

【3】→输出

【4】→对较低水平下的简单语言教学,极强有效(extremely effective for teaching simple language at lower levels);

◆4-4-4:任务型教学法(Task-Based learning)

【1】→强调任务而非语言(emphasis on task rather than language);

【2】→适合回旋镖式教学(fitting into boomerang lesson description);

◆4-4-5:交际语言教学法(communicative Language Teaching)

【1】→与PPP教学法完全背道而驰(a radical departure from PPP type);

【2】→两条主线:语言不仅仅是些许语法,还涉及到语言功能,比如邀请、赞同、反对、建议等,及对于语言得体性的关注(language is not just bits of grammar,involving language functions,such as inviting,agreeing,disagreeing,suggesting,being aware of the need for appropriacy);学生获得足够的语言接触,并有机会使用语言,如果学生的学习动机被激发,语言学习自然会发生(students get enough exposure to language and opportunities for its use and if they are motivated,then the language learning will take care of itself);

【3】→语言学习并非为了了解语言,而是指向交际(learning language not for knowing,but for communicating);

【4】→强调激活的需要(stressing the need for activation);

◆4-4-6:争议-深入阅读(debates and further reading)

【1】→发现类活动介绍(introduction of discovery activities)

【2】→词汇教学法:作为语言的构建材料,词和短语远胜语法结构(lexical approach:words and phrases are far better building blocks for language than grammatical structure);

【3】→班级授课环节,被赋予新名称(classroom stages being given new names);

【4】→口语和书面语的差异研究(the study of the difference between spoken and written language);

◆4-4-7:参与-学习-激活,是语言教学成功的三个基石(engage study and activate-are the basic building blocks for successful language teaching and learning);

【会心之处】: 反思最近几年我在教学中的实践,本节提到的每种教学法都曾经被使用过,自我感觉没有所谓已经过时的或者时髦先进的教学法,根据学生实际,课堂实际,活动实际,知识掌握的实际,选择合适的教学法为我所用,实现语言学习的目标,才是成功之道。


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