《英语课程标准》中明确提出"能通过分析句子结构理解难句和长句"的阅读要求。可见,句子理解特别是长难句理解是提高阅读理解能力的一个突破口。从近年高考题来看,阅读理解难度加大的一个主要形式就是句子长度增加,难句加多。由此,分析句子结构是一种理解长难句的好方法。长难句通常含有较多的修饰成分、并列成分和各种从句,结构极为复杂,考生若没有扎实的语言基本功会很难在短时间内理出头绪。
笔者从教学实践中总结出长难句的以下特点,并以2017年全国卷Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ中的长难句为例提出相应的解决办法,从而使同学们跨越阅读障碍,更好地备考。
特点一 运用v.-ing/v.-ed/adj./从句等形式多层修饰方法
根据英语中的五种基本句型结构,找出句中的主语、谓语、宾语或表语,特别是先确定谓语动词,其他成分如定语、状语、补语等即可一目了然。
【实例一】
Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet is center down with a rock. (2017全国卷Ⅰ D篇)
分析:该句是一个复杂的祈使句。谓语动词为cover;两个v.-ing短语作并列的伴随状语。
译文:接下来,用塑料薄膜盖住洞口,用泥土将塑料薄膜边缘固定并且在塑料薄膜的中心放一块石头以使塑料薄膜的中心下垂。
【真题在线】
34.What is the last step of constructing a working solar still?
A. Dig a hole of a certain size.
B. Put the cup in place.
C. Weight the sheets center down.
D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.
【答案分析】C。根据以上所分析的句子可知,为使塑料薄膜的中心下垂,在塑料薄膜的中心放一块石头是最后一个步骤。
【实例二】
By translating the rich and humorous text of Love is Labour is Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare is comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience. (2017全国卷Ⅱ A篇)
分析:该句由and连接两个并列的谓语;主语为Deafinitely Theatre,两个谓语动词分别是creates和aims;By translating ...physical language of BSL和by performing... audience为介词短语作方式状语。
译文:通过把Love is Labour is Lost丰富且幽默的文本翻译成BSL的身体语言,Deafinitely Theatre创造出了一种对莎士比亚喜剧的新的演绎,并且通过将两组人(失聪者和听觉世界的人)看成一个观众进行表演,力求在失聪者和听觉世界之间架起一座桥梁。
【真题在线】
22.What is special about Deafinitely Theatre?
A. It has two groups of actors.
B. It is the leading theatre in London.
C. It performs plays in BSL.
D. It is good at producing comedies.
【答案分析】C。根据以上所分析的句子可知,Deafinitely Theatre的特别之处是用BSL表演戏剧。
【实例三】
The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named "DriveLAB" in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.(2017全国卷Ⅲ D篇)
分析:该句的主干部分是The Intelligent Transport team have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory;同时and连接的两个不定式短语作目的状语;过去分词短语 named "DriveLAB"和faced by older drivers分别作laboratory和challenges的后置定语。
译文:纽卡斯尔大学的智能运输团队为了了解老年司机面临的挑战同时为了发现(问题的)关键点,就把一辆电动汽车变成了一个名叫DriveLAB的移动实验室。
【真题在线】
12.What is the purpose of the DriveLAB?
A. To explore new means of transport.
B. To design new types of cars.
C. To find out older drivers problems.
D. To teach people traffic rules.
【答案分析】C。根据以上所分析的句子可知,建立实验室的目的是了解老年司机面临的挑战和发现问题的关键点。因此C项正确。
特点二 一个长句由几个表示并列、转折、递进、对比关系的分句组成在这类长句中,主要的连词有:and, but, for, or, while等。方法找出句中的连词、分号等,理清分句之间的关系,再把各层分句的意思加以整合就构成了长句的意思。
【实例】
Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. (2017全国卷Ⅰ B篇)
分析:该句是一个并列句。句中分号相当于and,具有连接作用。v.-ing短语Trying to...sick creatures作主语。
译文:尽力去帮助受伤的、无家可归的或生病的动物可能是令人伤心的,而且(这些动物)不一定能够活下来。
【真题在线】
24.What is unavoidable in the authors rescue work according to paragraph 1?
A. Efforts made in vain.
B. Getting injured in his work.
C. Feeling uncertain about his future.
D. Creatures forced out of their homes.
【答案分析】A。根据以上所分析的句子可知,作者救助受伤的、无家可归的或生病的动物,但结果却可能是令人伤心的,被救的动物能否活下来是不能确定的。也就是说,作者的努力有可能会付诸东流。in vain"徒劳,无益"。故选A。短信脖:text neck慢就业:delayed employment
特点三 一些长句其实是由一个主句和几个状语从句构成的多层次的主从复合句在这类句子中,常见的状语从句引导词有:时间状语从句:when, before, as soon as, next time等。地点状语从句:where, wherever等。目的状语从句:so that, in order that等。结果状语从句:so, so/such...that, so that等。条件状语从句:if, unless, on condition that等。让步状语从句:although, though, no matter how, whenever, whoever等。方法找出连词,分清主句和从句,理清主从句之间的逻辑关系。
【实例一】
When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and wo not have to break down the still every time you need a drink.(2017全国卷Ⅰ D篇)
分析:该句由and连接的并列结构组成。主语是you, 两个谓语分别是can suck ...out 和wo not have to break down;When和every time分别引导时间状语从句。
译文:当容器满的时候,你可以通过吸管把饮料吸出来;每次你需要喝饮料的时候,不必把蒸馏器打破。
【实例二】
When the studio didnt want me for the film — it wanted somebody as well known as Paul — he stood up for me.(2017全国卷Ⅱ B篇)
分析:该句含有一个由When引导的时间状语从句,句子主干是he stood up for me,同时使用破折号插入了一个表示原因的简单句。
译文:当这家电影公司不想让我拍这部电影时,他(保罗)却支持了我。因为这家电影公司想要一位像保罗一样有名的演员。
【真题在线】
24.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first?
A. Paul Newman wanted it.
B. The studio powers did not like his agent.
C. He was not famous enough.
D. The director recommended someone else.
【答案分析】C。根据以上所分析的句子可知,这家电影公司希望能找到一位像保罗·纽曼(Paul Newman)一样有名的演员。也就是说,这家电影公司觉得作者名气不够,因此不愿意将这个角色给作者。故选C。
特点四 一个长句由若干个名词性从句和定语从句构成方法
择出从句,单独理解,再整合大意。注意:分析时,找准同位语从句所解释说明的名词和定语从句的先行词。
【实例一】
The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. (2017全国卷Ⅱ B篇)
分析:该句是一个复合句。句子可以简化为The friendship had its root in the fact that we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV。该句中第一个that引导定语从句,先行词是friendship;第二个that为限定词,修饰film;第三个that引导的同位语从句修饰名词fact,同时该从句中含有一个although引导的让步状语从句。
译文:这段友谊在拍摄这部电影和四年后的《骗中骗》的经历中成长,并且根植于一个事实:虽然我们有年龄的差异,但是我们都来自于戏剧和现场直播电视的传统。
【实例二】
We shared the belief that if you are fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back — he with his Newman is Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I did not see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together.(2017全国卷Ⅱ B篇)
分析:本句中,破折号前面含有that引导的同位语从句,修饰名词belief,并且that引导的同位语从句中含有一个if引导的条件状语从句;破折号后面是由第二个and连接的两个并列结构;第二个and前含有who引导的定语从句,先行词是kids。
译文:我们分享这样的信念——如果你足够幸运能够成功,你就应该回报一些东西。他回报的是New man is Own的食物和他为那些重病的孩子们(创办的)Hole in the Wall营地,而我回报的是Sundance、学院和会演。虽然我和保罗不经常见面,但是共同分享这个信念使我们联系在一起。
【真题在线】
26.What does the underlined word "that" in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Their belief.
B. Their care for children.
C. Their success.
D. Their support for each other.
【答案分析】A。根据以上所分析的句子可知,画线词所在句承接前一句的内容,因此that指的是前一句中的the belief。故选A。
特点五 特殊句型,如强调句、倒装句、省略句等方法
根据上下文和句子结构,使句子恢复原状。
【实例一】
Its an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations. Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center. (2017全国卷Ⅰ A篇)
分析:第一个句子中含有一个省略了关系代词that/which的定语从句we cannot achieve without ... other social organizations,先行词是one(= an accomplishment);第二个句子也含有一个省略了关系词in which/that的定语从句you can support Pacific Science Center,先行词是ways。
译文:这是一项令人惊喜的成绩并且这个成绩如果没有个人、公司和其他社会组织的慷慨支持我们就不可能实现。访问pacificsciencecenter.org网站就可以找到支持太平洋科学中心的各种方式。
【真题在线】
23.What is the purpose of the last part of the text?
A. To encourage donations.
B. To advertise coming events.
C. To introduce special exhibits.
D. To tell about the Centers history.
【答案分析】A。 由以上所分析的句子的第一句可知,太平洋科学中心取得的令人惊喜的成绩离不开个人、公司和其他社会组织的慷慨支持;第二句又提供了一个网站以便人们以各种方式支持太平洋科学中心。由此可以判断,最后一段主要号召人们为太平洋科学中心的发展踊跃捐款。
【实例二】
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administrations decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. (2017全国卷ⅡC篇)
分析:该句含有一个省略了that的宾语从句和一个which引导的非限制性定语从句;to create...standards是不定式短语作decision的定语,说明其具体内容。
译文:Mann说五年前Terrafugia公司还得到联邦航空管理局的帮助,给轻型运动飞机创造了一套单独的标准,这比对大型飞机的飞行员的要求要低些。
【真题在线】
30.What is the governments attitude to the development of the flying car?
A. Cautious.
B. Favorable.
C. Ambiguous.
D. Disapproving.
【答案分析】B。根据文章第三段中的"The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly"可知,政府已经允许公司使用特殊的材料让这种车飞起来更容易;同时结合上述所分析的句子可知,Terrafugia公司还得到联邦航空管理局的帮助。从这些信息可以推断出,政府对这种飞行汽车是"赞成的"。故选B。
总之,在碰到长句和难句时,要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法,在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。需要注意的是,有时要几种方法综合使用并结合语境才能正确理解句意。
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